Psychology of Personality

According to Freud, which is an example of wish fulfillment?

Dreams

Which of the following is the best way to think of fixation?

In development it occurs when children leave behind some psychic energy tied up in resolving a crisis.

Information about where you parked your car or the name of your uncle probably is stored in which part of the mind, according to Freud's topographic model?

preconscious

During free association, a patient is encouraged to

say whatever comes into his or her mind.

According to Freud, to make sense of a patient's dream, a therapist needs to understand the

dream's latent content

According to Freud, each of us is born with a(n)

desire to die and return to the earth.

A man becomes a leader in a crusade promoting sexual morality. A year later the man is arrested for a variety of sex crimes. Freud might have interpreted the man's earlier behavior as an example of

reaction formation

Little Timmy is extremely jealous whenever his mommy and daddy kiss and show affection. Timmy wants to get kisses from his mommy. Little Timmy is in which stage of psychosexual development?

phallic

If you see your own unwanted thoughts and undesirable impulses in other people, then you are using the defense mechanism called

projection.

A businesswoman is upset with her husband. She channels this anger into her work and increases her productivity dramatically. This is an example of

sublimation.

If Sigmund Freud were to have abandoned his concept of the Oedipus complex, he would have needed to come up with another explanation for how

the superego develops

The life instinct to which Freud attributed most of our behaviors is called

libido.

An honors student is caught stealing money from his teacher's desk. The teacher tells the student to report after school to discuss the incident. However, when the student arrives later that day, he cannot remember doing what the teacher accuses him of. This is an example of

Repression

Which statement is true about the superego?

The superego represents internalized standards and values

The ego is found in which part of Freud's topographic model?

conscious, preconscious, and unconscious

A man has a strong unconscious urge to cheat business associates. He complains that he can't trust the people he does business with, that they will cheat and steal from him if he gives them half a chance. The man is exhibiting

projection.

Nathan is 37 years old. He smokes and drinks excessively and is constantly putting his hand to his mouth. What might Freud have said about Nathan?

Nathan had some traumatic experiences during the oral stage of development

In Freudian theory, "libido" is

a finite amount of psychic energy.

Freud used which principle to characterize the actions of the ego?

reality principle

Suppose you use one of the defense mechanisms described by Freud significantly more than any of the others. If you are a welland productive person, which defense mechanism would that probably be?

sublimation

Which of the following is correct about Freud's description of the Oedipus complex?

Resolution of the Oedipus complex leads to the development of the superego

According to Freud, many accidents are

unconsciously motivated.

In Freud's view of castration anxiety, what would be a healthy result for males?

identification with the same-sex parent

Repression is an __________ effort by the ego to push out threatening material from awareness.

active

The use of ___________ requires an individual to respond to ambiguous stimuli.

projective tests

A man has the opportunity to cheat his business partner. However, he feels so worried and guilty about getting caught that he does not. In Freudian theory, the man probably was prevented from cheating by his

superego.

Which of the following is true about projective tests?

Test takers are presented with ambiguous stimuli

According to Freud, "Freudian slips"

provide clues about unconscious associations.

A patient in psychoanalysis begins to react towards the therapist with behaviors and emotions similar to those he patient displayed towards her father. This is an example of

transference.

A woman is very upset with her mother. However, her ego will not allow her to express this hostility openly. According to Freud, what might we expect this woman to do?

She will bring anger toward kids,

A man is angry with his wife, but instead of confronting her, he takes out his anger on his children. This is an example of

displacement.

According to Freud, fixation results in

adult personality characteristics related to the stage at which the fixation occurred.

The id uses reflexive action and wish fulfillment to

reduce tension.

Which statement is true about the superego?

The superego represents internalized standards and values.

1 ego is to ___ as id is to ____

1 Reality principle, Pleasure Principle

2 ego is to____ as id is to____

2 practicality, impulsivity

3 ego is to___ as id is to___

3 more conscious, less conscious

Conscience is to_____ as ego-Ideal is to_____

punishment, shame

Too little ego strength...

leads a person to be impulsive

Too much ego strength...

delayed gratification To long

Cathexis =

investment of libidinal energy

Object cathexis =

investment in image

Ego cathexis =

investment in real thing

Anticathexes =

energy invested to keep Id from acting in an irrational or immoral way

Energy resulting from Eros =

"Libido"

A woman sets excessively high moral and ethical standards for herself. As a result, she constantly feels ashamed and guilty for making small mistakes and minor transgressions. Freud might say that

her superego has become too powerful.

Compared to Freudian theory, neotheories are more likely to

attribute differences between the personalities of men and women to cultural forces.

The snake is a universal symbol of evil. This is represented symbolically in art, folklore, and religious stories throughout time and across cultures. Which theorist would consider this observation as evidence to support his theory?

Jung

According to Jung, the objectionable characteristics we see in other people are often projections of our own

shadow.

according to Jung, people in all cultures throughout history have believed in powerful Godlike entities because of

the God archetype.

Jung's term, "Self," refers to

the total, integrated personality.

Jungian theory suggests that a woman who is seeking her "Prince Charming" is, in fact, really looking for her

animus.

It is typical of an archetype, according to Jung, that it

includes both positive and negative aspects.

Evidence for the collective unconscious given by Carl Jung included

folklore, art, mythology, and psychosis.

Which of the following is correct about Adler's concept of striving for superiority?

Striving for superiority has its roots in a child's perception of his or her own inferiority.

According to Adler, an inferiority complex is

an unhealthy outcome.

According to Adler, people who score high in social interest

all of the above

"Parents should allow children to be independent, to make their own choices and mistakes, but without depriving the children of the parental attention they need." Which theorist is most likely to have said this?

Adler

In his explanation of the concept of organ inferiority, Adler emphasized

he subjective experience of the child.

According to Adler, a child who suffers from a childhood crippling disease

may have a variety of outcomes, depending upon his or her attitude toward the disability.

According to Karen Horney, a person who becomes extremely dependent on other people

is using this interpersonal style to avoid feelings of anxiety.

According to Horney, most parents do not give their children enough

Love

Turning away from the real self, with all its imperfections, is (according to Horney)

likely to prevent growth.

According to Horney, a person with low self-esteem feels that his or her __________ is unworthy.

real self

Freud introduced the idea of "penis envy" to explain the personality development of young girls. By introducing the concept of "womb envy," Karen Horney was suggesting that

each gender has attributes that the other admires.

Karen Horney made several important early contributions to understanding personality. One significant idea was her view that neurotics are

trapped in a self-defeating way of interacting with others.

Like Freud's original theory, the neo-Freudian approach can be criticized for

a lack of scientific evidence.being more descriptive than scientific. incomplete or limited accounts of personality.

ALL THE ABOVE

Men's "inner woman" is described by Jung's concept of the

anima.

The persona is the aspect of personality that

adapts to the world.

The neo-Freudian theorist who stimulated the most discussion about religion was

Carl Jung.

What was Jung's attitude toward cultural stories and myths?

He thought myths were useful guides to development throughout life.

Which of the following is made up of primordial images (archetypes) according to Jung?

collective unconscious

Adler's term, "__________," has become widely known.

inferiority complex

Adler's major criterion for psychological health is

social interest.

According to Adler, the basic human motivation is to strive toward

a better situation.

According to Adler, all but one of the following parental behaviors is likely to lead to personality problems in children. Which one?

allowing the child to be independent

A person who cannot successfully compensate for inferiority, in Adler's theory, develops a(n)

inferiority complex.

According to Horney, people who adopt the "moving against" neurotic style are seeking

mastery and/or power.

Samantha is anxious about socializing with others and she acts so funny toward her peers when they invite her to go out with them that they have stopped asking. Which interaction style does Samantha display, according to Horney?

moving away from people

There would be less neurosis, according to Horney's theory, if

parents loved their children more.

Horney described some people as over-valuing the idealized self. The term for this is "the tyranny of

the __________."

shoulds

Which of the following theorists would be most likely to argue that the roots of adult personality are largely formed in childhood?

Freud

Jung described the ego as

the gatekeeper to consciousness. the center of will. the most conscious aspect of personality. ALL THE ABOVE

Which of the following neo-Freudian theorists called his approach "analytic psychology"?

Jung

How did Jung describe the relationship between the collective unconscious and consciousness?

The collective unconscious is made known to consciousness through symbols.

in his explanation of the concept of organ inferiority, Adler emphasized

the subjective experience of the child.

According to Adler, people who score high in social interest

are mentally healthy. are satisfied with their work.

are healthier than those who score low.

Spending your time imagining how you could make up for the negative things in your life is, according to Adler,

fictional finalism.

Of the following, Adler most strongly emphasized

the creative self.

According to Horney, people who adopt the self-effacing "moving towards" neurotic style are seeking

Love

People whose psychic energy tends to "flow inward" toward their own thoughts and inner states are

__________ types.

introverted

According to Jung, if a man is attracted to a woman, it is because

she matches his own unconscious feminine image.

According to Adler, the healthy way to deal with physical inferiorities is through

compensation.

The collective unconscious contains

archetypes.

People whose psychic energy tends to "flow outward" toward external reality are __________ types.

extraverted

According to Adler, a person's style of life is determined by

the person's own choices.

According to Horney, people with a "moving against" neurotic style seem to live by the motto

"If I have power, no one can hurt me."

There are images in your unconscious that you did not repress. You were born with these unconscious images." Which theorist is most likely to have said this?

Jung

According to Horney, differences between males and females are

primarily due to cultural forces.

Which of the following is not a key limitation to Freud's theory?

the idea that the ego defends against anxiety