functionalism basic theory

What is functionalism?

A consensus theory that seeks to explain why the structure of society tends to remain relatively stable, orderly and well-organised.

What is society made up of?

A system made up of interdependent social institutions. Family, economy, government, religion, education, media.

What do institutions do in society?

They work together to maintain social order and meet the needs of societies members.

They meet needs by carrying out functions that guarantee its survival.

Outline the parallels in Parsons organic analogy?

An organism=society.

Organs=institutions.

System needs=basic needs (nutrition=adequate socialisation).

Functions (digest food for nutrition=correct family structure for socialisation).

Define the system, system needs and functions?

Systems are self-regulating systems made up of independent parts that fit together to make things work.

System needs are the basic needs that the system requires to survive.

Functions are what the parts need to do to meet the system’s needs.

What do functionalists argue are the 3 main functions needed to maintain consensus, cooperation and social order.

Value consensus because it ensures social unity and reduces conflict.

Social integration because it ensures solidarity and a stable society.

Specialised division of labour ensures that all necessary tasks are carried out for society to function.

Name and define the two aspects of instrumental needs.

Adaptation is where material needs for society are met through the economic sub-system and help adapt to the environment.

Goal attainment is where society need to set goals and provide resources to meet them through the political sub-system.

Name and define the two aspects of expressive needs.

Integration is how society is held together by ensuring people cooperate and share norms through the sub-system of religion, media and education.

Latency is the process that maintains society overtime. Pattern maintenance and tension management must be provided to achieve this through the kinship sub-system.

Why are system needs important.

If adaptation fails the economy fails and society can’t survive.

If goal attainment fails the government can set goals or keep order.

If integration fails people don’t share values and society will fall into conflict.

If latency fails families don’t socialise children and generations won’t carry on values and norms.

How does social change support the organic analogy.

Society has changed over time based on society’s needs. As societies become more complexed, their functions/institutions have also become more specialised.

How are modern societies structured to meet its needs.

Individuals now pursue their own self-interest.

Your status is based on your talent and abilities.

Everyone is judged by the same standards.

Social interactions are integrated.

Freedom of emotions in all situations.

What are strengths of functionalism.

It highlights the importance of social order.

It shows how institutions work together to maintain cohesion.

What are criticisms of functionalism.

It assumes consensus and harmfully legitimises the status quo and inequality.

Neglects individual agency and sees people a shaped by society.

Tends to ignore the negative aspects of institutions.