functional groups, naming and drawing organic molecules

how to draw chains of atoms

zigzag lines with 120^o angles

what does a wavy bond represent

used when the relative spatial positions of the group is not known

give the alkane, prefix and parent for the first 10 straight-chain alkanes

give the alkane name and structure for the cyclic alkanes with 3, 4, 5 and 6 carbons

give the name and abbreviation for this group

isopropyl, ⁱ-Pr

give the name and abbreviation for this group

tertiary butyl, ^t-Bu

give the name and abbreviation for this group

phenyl, Ph

give the name and abbreviation for this group

acetyl, Ac

give the name and abbreviation for this group

benzyl, Bn

give the name and abbreviation for any aromatic ring in a molecule

aryl, Ar

give the name, prefix and suffix for this structure

alkene

-en-

-ene

give the name, prefix and suffix for this structure

alkyne

-yn-

-yne

give the name, prefix and suffix for this structure

alcohol

hydroxy-

-ol

give the name, prefix and suffix for this structure

ether

X-oxy-

no suffix

give the name, prefix and suffix for this structure

epoxide

epoxy-

epoxide

give the name, prefix and suffix for this structure

acetal

no prefix

acetal

give the name, prefix and suffix for this structure

thiol

thiol-

no suffix

give the name, prefix and suffix for this structure

amine

amino-

-amine

give the name, prefix and suffix for this structure

nitrile

cyano-

nitrile

give the name, prefix and suffix for this structure

phosphine

no prefix

phosphine

give the name, prefix and suffix for this structure

aldehyde

oxo-

-al

give the name, prefix and suffix for this structure

ketone

oxo-

-one

give the name, prefix and suffix for this structure

carboxylic acid

carboxy-

-oic acid

give the name, prefix and suffix for this structure

ester

no prefix

X- oate

give the name, prefix and suffix for this structure

amide

no prefix

-amide

give the name, prefix and suffix for this structure

acid chloride

no prefix

-oyl chloride

give the name, prefix and suffix for this structure

anhydride

no prefix

-oic anhydride

give the name, prefix and suffix for this structure

enol

no prefix

enol

give the name, prefix and suffix for this structure

imine

no prefix

imine

give the name, prefix and suffix for this structure

enamine

no prefix

enamine

iupac rules for naming molecules

1. identify highest priority functional group = suffix of name

2. identify longest carbon chain containing this group

3. number the chain to give the C atom in this functional group the lowest number

4. construct name using appropriate prefixes for other substituents (in alphabetical order)

how can aromatic compounds be named other than using the iupac system

name using the relative positions of 2 groups

ortho (o-) for a group next to C-1, meta (m-) for a group on C-2 and para (p-) for a group on C-3

what happens when a carbon has 4 different substituents

it is called an asymmetric carbon atom meaning the molecule is chiral and 2 enantiomers are possible (equal mix)

what does a wavy line represent

the spatial position of the substituent is unknown

common name for methanoic acid

formic acid

common name for ethanoic acid

acetic acid

common name for butanoic acid

butyric acid

common name for pentanoic acid

valeric acid

common name for hexanoic acid

caproic acid

what is the name given to compounds with multiple C=C bonds

polyenes (diene, triene etc)

what are cumulated double bonds

double bonds that are next to each other

what are conjugated alkenes

double bonds are separated by one single bondswhat

what are isolated alkenes

double bonds are separated by more than one single bond

common name for -CH=CH2

vinyl

common name for -CH2-CH=CH2

allyl