ANTR 350 - Unit 1 learning objectives

gross anatomy

structures that can be seen with the naked eye

microscopic anatomy

structures that need a microscope

subfields of gross anatomy

regioonal, surface, and systemic

regional anatomy

gross anotomy in relation to one another in the body

ex: head and neck, abdonomen

surface anatomy

visible and palpations to relate to deeper structures

ex: palpating anterior neck to find thyroid gland

systemic anatomy

gross anatomy of each system

ex: respiratory system

four principal tissues in the body

1. epithelial

2. muscle

3. nervous

4. connective

where is epithelial tissue found?

lines walls of GI tracts and organs, covers exposed surfaces (skin)

primary function of connective tissue

provides support for other tissues and structures in the body

three types of muscle tissue

1. cardiac

2. smooth

3. skeletal

the function of nervous tissue

electrical signals throughout the body

organ

2 or more tissues that combine to make an organ

ex: heart, lungs

organ system

2 or more organs working closesly together to perform a similar function

ex: respiratory system, urinary tract system

tissue

group of cells that work together to perform a shared fuction

anatomical position

• body erect (standing upright)

• eyes looking forward

• upper limbs at the side

  • elbow, wrists, and fingers extended

  • forearms supinated

  • thumb lateral to digits

• lower limbs straight, feet flat on floor, toes pointed forward

prone

patient lying face down

supine

patient lying on back

what does left and right mean in anatomy?

left is patients left and right is patients right

label these body regions!

anterior (ventral)

twoards or located on the front surface of the body

posterior/dorsal

towards or located on the back part of the body

medial

closer to the midline

lateral

further away or moving from the midline of the body

superior/cranial/cephalic

closer to or moving towards the head

inferior (caudal)

closer to or moving towards the feet

proximal

located closer to the point of attachment

distal

lcoated further from the point of attachment

superficial

lcoated closer to the surface

deep

located further away from the surface

bilateral

paired, left and right sides

contralateral

located on the opposite side of the body

ipsilateral

located on the same side of the body

unilateral

singular, one side

frontal (coronal) plane

runs parallel to the long axis, divides into anterior and posterior

oblique plane

pass thorugh the body at an angle

sagittal plane

length wise, divides body into left and right

transverse (horizontal)

divides into upper and lower

midsagittal vs parasagittal

midsagittal divides the body into perfectly left and right sections, also known as the midline

what planes are used to make the 4 abdominal quadrants

transumbillical plane (transverse plane)

median or midsagittal plane

label the 9 abdominal quadrants

what are the planes used for the 9 abdominal quadrants

sagittal planes - right midclavicular, left midclavicular

transverse plans - subcostal plane, transtubecular

identify the following body cavities on this figure

what structure seperates the thoracic and abdominal cavity

diaphragm

what are three sereous membranes and which organs are associated with each

1. pericardium: serous membrane of the heart

2. pleura: serous membrane of the lungs

3. perioteneum: serous membrane of digestive organs

ligament

connect bone to bone

tendon

connect muscle to bones

four functions of skeletal system

1. encasement and protection of vital organs

2. support and movement

3. hemopoiesis (blood cell production)

4. mineral and energy storage

flat bones

thin, broad, and commonly curved, a lyer of spongy bone called dipole between 2 thin layers of compact

irregular bones

bones taht don’t fit into other shape classfications

sesamoid bones

bones found within tendons

short bones

equally long and wide

long bones

bones longer than they are wide

type of bone - carpals

short bones

type of bone - ethmoid

irregular

type of bone - femur

long

type of bone - humerus

long

type of bone - os coxae

irregular

type of bone - patellla

sesamoid

type of bone - phalanges

long

type of bone - ribs

flat

type of bone - scapula

flat

type of bone - sternum

flat

type of bone - sphenoid

irregular

type of bone - tarsals

short

type of bone - vertebrae

irregular

compact bone

underneath periosteum, strength and resistance against compression, twisting and shearing

diaphysis

the long portion of the bone

endosteum

lining of medullary cavity tha tpromotes growht and healing

epiphysis

end of bone, touch other bones to form articulations

medullary cavity

hollow part of long bones filled with yellow bone marrow (fat storage)

periosteum

dense irregular collagenous tissue

spongy bone (trabhecular bone)

trbeculae forming lattice structure that is filled with red bone marrow

identify the characteristics of long bone

bony depression

clefts whre bones meet another structure

ex: fossa, and groves

allows for neurovasculature to traverse along bone and provides muscle attachment

bony opening

hole in bone allowing for passage of neurovasculature

canal, fissure, foramen

bony projection

extension for muscle, tendon, and ligaments to attach

crest, tubercule, epicondyle, process, spine, line. trochanter

articulating surfaces

areas where bones meet each other to form joints

head, condyle, facet

canal

opening

condyle

aritculating

crest

projection

epicondyle

projection

facet

articulating

fissure

opening

foramen

opening

fossa

depression

groove

depression

head

articulating

line

projection

process

projection

spine

projection

sulcus

depression

trochanter

projection

tubercule

projection

axial or appendicular - clavicle

appendicular

axial or appendicular - hip bones

appendicular

axial or appendicular - limb bones

appendicular

axial or appendicular - ribs

axial

axial or appendicular - scapula

appendicular

axial or appendicular - skull

axial

axial or appendicular - sternum

axial