Praxis 5153 Pedagogy: Pennsylvania Grades 4-8 Core Assessment

Benjamin Bloom

________ 's work involved different levels of complexity of learning objectives that can relate to assessment of those objectives.

Benjamin Bloom

Established a hierarchy of educational objectives that attempted to divide cognitive objectives into subdivisions ranging from simplest to most complex behavior.

Benjamin Bloom

test questions that access varying levels of understanding is based off the work of ______

creative thinking

a cognitive process that involves combining information to develop new understanding, concepts, or ideas

stream of consciousness

a style of writing that portrays the inner (often chaotic) workings of a character's mind.

conjecture

an opinion or conclusion formed on the basis of incomplete information

lateral thinking

thinking outside the box

professional councils - especially those tied to specific content areas

leading sources of research-based information and opportunities to meet with other educators who teach in the same area

-possess an intense desire to learn about their own interests

-cognitive ability to think at abstract levels earlier than same-aged peers

-form their own ways of thinking about problems and ideas

what describes a gifted student?

advanced content and choice in learning activites

what do gifted students need?

essential questions

Establishing _____________ helps guide teachers in selecting learning objectives and materials that connect to each other and the unit as a whole.

standardized test

give the teacher information about the student's performance in comparison to others in his or her grade

relative grading standard

Grades given according to a student's rank in his or her class or grade.

performance assessment

Assessment in which students demonstrate their knowledge and skills in a nonwritten fashion.

formative assessment

Assessment used throughout teaching of a lesson and/or unit to gauge students' understanding and inform and guide teaching

summative assessment

Assessment data collected after instruction to evaluate a student's mastery of the curriculum objectives and a teacher's effectiveness at instructional delivery.

Relating classroom activities to the various needs and interests of children and families

reflects a family-centered program and the promotion of parent partnerships with the school

formal operational stage

Piaget's cognitive stage in which children are able to debate social matters and other abstract ideas

concrete operational stage

During this stage in Piaget's theory, children begin to develop logical thinking skills and can perform operations on concrete objects and events

preoperational stage

during this stage in piaget's theory, young children are able to think about things symbolically

sensorimotor stage

during this stage in piaget's theory, infants are busy discovering relationships between their bodies and the environment

The teacher asks each student to write two sentences that answer a question on a topic the teacher puts on the board midway through the class

an informal assessment that a teacher might use to best check individual students' understanding of a lesson or unit in progress

portfolio assessment

consists of a collection of student work accumulated over a period of instruction such as a unit or course

providing student support during independent practice

what is something a paraeducator might do

social learning

learning occurs when people imitate or model the behaviors of others

connectivism

we learn when we make connections, or "links," between various "nodes" of information, and we continue to make and maintain connections to form knowledge

Behaviorism

show students how they should react and respond to certain stimuli. This needs to be done in a repetitive way, to regularly remind students what behavior a teacher is looking for

positive reinforcement

what is important when it comes to behaviorism learning theory

cognitivism

learning theory that focuses on how information is received, organized, stored and retrieved by the mind. It uses the mind as an information processer, like a computer

self-efficacy

By helping students to form and achieve attainable goals, the teacher is fostering the belief of ___________ in individuals needed to have in themselves to be intrinsically motivated in future tasks

attribute

A student who fails an exam, therefore, would ________ their failure to something about themselves and to something they couldn't change (such as their level of intelligence). In the event of success they would ________ the outcome to something external and unstable such as luck

extrinsic motivation

a motivation that is driven by external rewards

intrinsic motivation

motivation arises from within the individual

physiological, safety, love, and esteem

Before achieving the highest level in Maslow's hierarchy of needs, one must achieve the previous needs--______________

self-actualization

esteem

love and belonging

safety needs

physiological needs

maslow's theory of hierarchical needs top to bottom

Erik Erickson

Which Behaviorist?

Students are given assignments on the basis of their ability levels and provided with frequent opportunities for success

Abraham Maslow

Which Behaviorist?

Students are encouraged to eat if hungry, provided with a safe environment, and made to feel accepted in the classroom.

John B. Watson

Which Behaviorist?

Students are given a reward for positive behavior and academic success and a consequence for negative behavior and lack of academic progress.

Edward Thorndike

Which Behaviorist?

Students are assessed and encouraged to work at their own pace as they are introduced to new information one step at a time.

message journals

Support communication between home and school by providing two-way communication.

scaffoldng

the process of breaking lessons into manageable units, with the teacher providing decreasing levels of support as students grasp new concepts and master new skills

cognitive domain

involves knowledge and the development of intellectual skills. This includes the recall or recognition of specific facts, procedural patterns, and concepts that serve in the development of intellectual abilities and skills

affective domain

involves feelings, attitudes, and emotions. It includes the ways in which people deal with external and internal phenomenon emotionally, such as values, enthusiasms, and motivations

psychomotor domain

includes physical movement, coordination, and use of the motor-skill areas. Development of these skills requires practice and is measured in terms of speed, precision, distance, procedures, or techniques in execution

active research

a study conducted by a teacher or group of teachers to improve instruction by working through a series of reflective stages that facilitate problem solving.

experimental research

based on observation, calculation, comparison and logic. Researchers collect quantitative data and perform statistical analyses of two sets of variables

correlational study

investigates relationships between two variables (or more) without the researcher controlling or manipulating any of them. It's a non-experimental type of quantitative research

descriptive research

aims to accurately and systematically describe a population, situation or phenomenon. It can answer what, where, when and how questions, but not why questions

norm-referenced assessment

used to compare a student's performance to a predefined population, such as peers who have taken the same test

an individualized education program (IEP)

defines individualized objectives of a student who has been found with a disability, as defined by federal regulations

IEP

intended to help children reach educational goals more easily than they otherwise would

criterion-referenced score

A score that indicates how well a student understands the specific content on the test; how well a student understands the specific learning outcomes that are being measured

Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act for children with disabilities

requires a school district to provide a free appropriate public education (FAPE) to each qualified person with a disability who is in the school district's jurisdiction, regardless of the nature or severity of the person's disability

the performance is similar to the average score of students in the second month of seventh grade

a grade-equivalent score of 7.2 on a recent standardized reading test means that

Vygotsky's Theory

states that instruction is most effective when the level of expectation is slightly ahead of the student's current level of understanding

Vygotsky

believed that the zone of proximal development is most effectively used to advance student learning when mentorship from a knowledgeable adult or more advanced peer accompanies the instruction

peer observation of teaching

specifically encourages reflection on practices

peer observation

allows teachers to observe and offer feedback to benefit from each other's experience and expertise while promoting excellence of teaching

measures student achievement over a long span of time

The primary advantage of a student portfolio as an alternative to traditional tests and measures is that a portfolio

portfolio

are comprised of multiple samples of a student's work—both traditional and nontraditional—that are collected over time, offering a very reliable composite of the student's progress and successes

subject specific professional

________________ organizations provide many opportunities to learn and network

direct instruction

is teacher-centered and involves the teacher giving instruction with little to no input from the students, as in a lecture. It is most often used when presenting new information.

socratic instruction

asks students a series of open-ended questions (questions with more than a yes or no answer) about a specific topic or issue. In turn, the students can also pose questions of their own

indirect instruction

incorporating inquiry, problem solving and decision making in the learning process. This approach involves higher order thinking when solving problems. By drawing upon their own experiences, students are able to form meaningful connections to course content.

integrated instruction

allows students to move further, faster towards their goals by simultaneously combining skill building in basic education and a particular context

active listening

restating what the other people in the conversation how previously said

reciprocal teaching

refers to an instructional activity in which students become the teacher in small group reading sessions. Teachers model, then help students learn to guide group discussions using four strategies: summarizing, question generating, clarifying, and predicting

mentoring programs

________ have a positive effect on teacher job satisfaction and commitment and thus increase retention of new teachers

Jerome Bruner

___________ contended that learning is an active process in which learners construct new ideas or concepts based upon their current and past knowledge

Jerome Bruner

Discovery learning and constructivism. He wrote that the aim of education should be to create autonomous learners. He proposed three modes of representation: Enactive representation (action-based); Iconic representation (image-based); and Symbolic representation (language-based)

Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development

a theory that focuses on how children develop morality and moral reasoning. Kohlberg's theory suggests that moral development occurs in a series of six stages and that moral logic is primarily focused on seeking and maintaining justice

enactive representation

the first mode, refers to knowledge gained through direct physical interaction with the environment. It encompasses the idea that learning occurs through concrete experiences and actions

iconic representation

the use of pictorial images to make actions, objects, and concepts in a display easier to find, recognize, learn, and remember; used in signage, computer displays, and control panels

scope

The curricular concept of _______ deals with the breadth of what will be taught in a subject

sequence

the curricular concept of _______ deals with the order in which the constituent materials will be taught

apply what they have learned in a new setting

According to the cognitive theory of learning, the most valid evidence that students have learned a body of information is that they can

the student is more likely to engage in that behavior.

If a student expects a positive outcome from a behavior or thinks a positive outcome is highly probable, then ________________

define the skills and content to be taught and the level of expected performance

The primary purpose for which national and state agencies establish learning standards is to

national and state learning standards

set uniform expectations for all students and provide a foundation for defining the knowledge and skills students need in a given subject area

achievement test

measure mastery of skills, so a teacher can use the results of the test to determine whether the student is on grade level

unit test

a test which is constructed, administered and assessed by a teacher after teaching a particular unit to the students; summative assessment

emotional/behavioral disability

A student who exhibits a pattern of inappropriate interpersonal relationships frequently enough to interfere with the learning process may be eligible for special education services under which of the following areas of exceptionality?

think at a more complex cognitive level and to provide longer, often unsolicited, more speculative responses.

Providing more time for reflection and using higher-level questioning stimulates students to _______________

successful mentoring

__________________ indicates that data from multiple observations were examined and provided evidence of teacher improvement

increasing proximity to students

___________ is effective without disrupting the rest of the class. It also puts the teacher in the position to escalate to the next level if necessary

formative assessments

are designed to provide feedback during the instructional process to allow the teacher to adjust instruction to address students' needs

scaffolding

involves the use of specialized teaching strategies geared to support learning when students are first introduced to a new subject; gives students a context, motivation, and foundation from which to understand the new information.

modeling

achieved through demonstrations and narrations. The teacher may specifically show the student how to complete an activity or narrate their actions to provide insights into the type of thought processes that go into completing different tasks and activities

guided thinking

the teacher provides guidance and advice to help a student complete a task that they could not do on their own; the teacher's role is limited to providing advice, preventing mistakes and answering questions

formative assessment

provides the teacher with feedback and information during the course of the instructional process that are not necessarily graded. Exit tickets are effective when used as ______________ to help the teacher plan instruction for future lessons

administration

The _______________ should be informed before a teacher implements an action plan that includes community involvement

withdrawal of a stimulus

According to B.F. Skinner, negative reinforcement occurs when a particular behavior is caused by the _________________________

cognitive theory

focuses on the interrelatedness of information.; uses tools such as concept maps

To help students build the mental connections necessary for recalling and integrating information

the primary purpose of thematic instructio

emotional intelligence

A workshop that promotes _______________________ would give the teacher strategies that he could use in his classroom to address his management problems.

transfer

the ability to apply learning from one context to another context that shares similar skills or characteristics

peer coaching

a confidential process through which two or more professional colleagues work together to reflect on current practices; expand, refine, and build new skills; share ideas; teach each other; conduct classroom research; or solve problems in the workplace

rubrics

written criteria that detail expectations of what students will need to know and be able to do in order to receive a given grade

rubric

help instructors develop clear learning objectives for students and guide students' efforts if provided before the activity

scaffolding instruction

the strategy a teacher uses to help students understand how new information is organized and how different parts of it are related to one another