Soc 1010 Exam 2

Income

Money received for work or investments.

Wealth

Total assets owned minus liabilities.

Social Stratification

Hierarchical arrangement of individuals in society.

Social Classes

Categories of people based on economic status.

Social Mobility

Ability to move between social classes.

Class Position Impacts

Influences education, health, and social outcomes.

Income Inequality Policies

Strategies to reduce income disparities.

Sex

Biological differences between male and female.

Gender

Social roles associated with being male or female.

Intersex

Individuals with ambiguous sexual characteristics.

Transgender

Identifying with a gender different from birth.

Gender Identity Creation

Process influenced by socialization and culture.

Workforce Gender Experiences

Differential treatment based on gender in jobs.

Prejudice

Preconceived opinion not based on reason.

Discrimination

Unjust treatment based on group membership.

Racism

Belief in racial superiority leading to discrimination.

Ethnocentrism

Evaluating other cultures based on one's own.

State Definition

Political entity with governance and authority.

Monopoly on Violence

State's exclusive right to use force.

Pluralism

Multiple groups influence political decision-making.

Capitalism

Economic system based on private ownership.

Socialism

Economic system where resources are collectively owned.

Families

Social units formed by relationships and kinship.

Market-Driven Education

Education influenced by economic market principles.

Medicalization

Defining non-medical issues as medical problems.

Pharmaceuticalization

Influence of pharmaceuticals on health practices.

Health Disparities

Differences in health outcomes across populations.

Caste system

A social structure in which classes are determined by heredity

Class system

Social stratification based on both birth and individual achievement

Class

A group that shares common social status based on the societal definition.

Upper Middle class

Social class consisting of mostly highly educated professionals, have savings and investments, own large homes and drive expensive vehicles

Lower Middle Class

Social class consisting of people with lower college degrees, enough income to pay bills but do not have built up savings, may own small house, some of the first individuals to lose jobs during layoffs

Working Class

A social class broadly composed of people working in blue-collar, or manual, occupations.

Working Poor

People who work but whose earnings are not enough to lift them above the poverty line

Class Traits

The typical behaviors, customs, and norms that define each class (also called class markers)

Cisgender

Term used when gender identity and/or expression aligns with the sex assigned at birth

Patriarchy

A form of social organization in which males dominate

Matriarchy

A form of social organization in which females dominate

Wage Gap

A term used to describe the disparity between women's and men's earnings

Fatherhood Premium

Phenomenon in which fathers are often paid more and rated more highly than non-fathers at work

Glass Ceiling

An invisible limit on women's climb up the occupational ladder

Maternal Wall

Employer's devaluation and limitation of job opportunities of female employees when they become parents

Heteronormativity

The belief that heterosexuality is and should be the norm

Abortion

Termination of pregnancy

Race

Identity with a group of people descended from a common ancestor.

White Privilege

The benefits people receive simply by being part of the dominant group

Prejudice

Preconceived opinion that is not based on reason or actual experience

Discrimination

Unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members

Types of Racism

Individual. Interpersonal, Institutional. Structural, Systemic, Color-Blind, Historical

Individual Racism

When one person discriminates against another on the basis of race or ethnicity

Color-Blind Racism

An ideology that removes race as an explanation for any form of unequal treatment

Racial Profiling

Singling out an individual as a suspect due to appearance of ethnicity

Institutional Racism

Patterns of discrimination based on ethnicity that have become structured into existing social institutions

Ethnicity

Identity with a group of people that share distinct physical and mental traits as a product of common heredity and cultural traditions.

Culture Beliefs

Customs, and traditions of a specific group of people passed down

Ethnic Identity

The aspect of individuals' sense of identity concerning ancestry or racial group membership

Assimilation

The social process of absorbing one cultural group into harmony with another

Segmented Assimilation

A theory acknowledging different segments of the host society into which an immigrant can assimilate (not just the white middle class)

Symbolic Ethnicity

An ethnic identity that emphasizes concerns such as ethnic food or political issues rather than deeper ties to one's ethnic heritage

Panethnicity

The development of solidarity between ethnic subgroups as reflected in the terms Hispanic and Asian American.

Politics

The social institution that distributes power, sets a society's goals, and makes decisions

Economy

The social institution that organizes a society's production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services

The State

A human community that successfully claims the monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force within a given territory

Legitimate Power

The power a person receives as a result of his or her position in the formal hierarchy of an organization

Illegitimate Power

A form of authority that relies on force or coercion to generate obedience