Hypothesis Testing and Sign Tests

Flashcards covering key vocabulary related to hypothesis testing and sign tests.

Null Hypothesis (H0)

The hypothesis that there is no effect or no difference, assumed to be true until evidence suggests otherwise.

P-Value

The probability of obtaining the observed data, or more extreme data, if the null hypothesis is true.

Sign Test

A specific hypothesis testing technique used for two condition repeated measures designs based on calculating sign differences.

Directional Hypothesis (H1)

A hypothesis that specifies the direction of the expected effect or difference.

Non-Directional Hypothesis (H1)

A hypothesis that does not specify the direction of the expected effect or difference.

Alpha Level

The maximum probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is actually true, indicating the risk of a Type I error.

Type I Error

The error made when the null hypothesis is rejected when it is actually true.

Binomial Distribution

A probability distribution that models the number of successes in a fixed number of trials, used in the sign test to calculate the likelihood of observed outcomes.

Conclusion of Hypothesis Testing

A clear statement about the relationship or effect based on the comparison of the P-value to the alpha level.

Step 1 of Sign Test

Formulate clear, specific null and alternative hypotheses, determining if they are directional or non-directional.

Step 5 of Hypothesis Testing

Compare the P-value to the alpha level to decide whether to retain or reject the null hypothesis.

Extreme Value in Sign Test

A value that favors the alternative hypothesis, determined during the calculation of the binomial distribution.