Bio 214 Exam 1

Microbe/microorganism…

microscopic organism; single-celled; diverse

Number bacteria on humans…

10 trillion

Amount cells in Microbiome…

30 trillion bacterial; body cells

Human Microbiota…

microbes living in/on body (ex intestinal bacteria)

Genus species Nomenclature founder…

Linnaeus

Genus species name tells…

description, researcher, habitat, etc.

Staphylo-…

cell clusters

-coccus…

spherical/round

-aureus…

golden colonies (latin)

Escherichia coli…

Dr. esterichia; found in colon

Microorganism types…

Bacteria, Archaea; Fungi, Protozoa(euk), Algae(euk); Viruses(acellular)

Coccus…

Spherical

Bacillus…

Rod shaped

Spirillum…

spiral

Bacteria info…

Peptidoglycan cell wall(Sugar, AA); Asexual binary fission

Archaea info…

Extremophiles; Asexual binary fission; not pathogens

Methanogens…

methane

Halophiles…

salty

Thermophiles…

hot

Fungi

Eukaryotic; multicellular cluster (mold) or unicellular branched (yeast);

Fungi cell wall

Chitin

Carl Woese

BAE; archaea rna different from bacteria

Prokaryotes…

1st organisms

1 Robert Hooke

Cell theory but no microbes

2 Anton von Leeuwenhoek

Microbes/Animalcules

Debate

Spontaneous Generation: organisms from nonliving ; Vital force chicken broth critics

Biogenesis: organisms from living

3 Louis Pasteur

Swan neck flask;

1 open flask/heat=cells; 2 sealed/heat=no cells; 3 swan neck/heat=no cells (biogenesis proof)

4 Robert Koch

Germ theory; anthrax; 1 same microbes; 2 pure culture; 3 healthy animal sick; 4 inoculated/original match

Koch postulate limitations

Model organism; pure culture; asymptomatic

Dr Ed Jenner

Smallpox immunity; cowpox pus=smallpox immunity(bc similar viruses)

Alex Fleming

Antibiotics (penicillin mold vs s aureus bacteria)

Antibiotics limitations

For bacteria NOT VIRUSES

Microbe functions

Biochemical recycling(N2); Bioremediation(toxic waste); Pest control (insecticides); Fermentation; Biotech (insulin)

Pathogen(microbe) →Disease (condition)

Influenza virus→ influenza disease (Bateria not pathogen)

Carbs

Glycosidic bond; peptidoglycan cell wall

Phospholipid bilayer parts called

Leaflets

Peptide bond

Between carboxyl and amino groups

NA

Phosphate; 5 carbon sugar; n base

Heat denatures … bonds in DNA

Hydrogen bonds

protein bonds

Adjacent covalent; distant h bonds

Light microscope

Rbc, sem

Compound light microscope

Ocular (10x) * Objective (4,10,40,100x)

microscope terms

Magnification (enlarging), adjustable; Resolution (distinguishing), unadjustable; Focus (plane stage); Refractive Index (how light bends through material) oil/glass>air

Bacterial smear

Sticks -bacteria+stain; Heat Fix kills and sticks bacteria

Cell morphology; colony morphology

Cell morph (microscope); colony morph (naked eye)

Chains

Strepto-

Clusters

Staphylo-

Differential staining

Gram; Acid fast; Endospore; Capsule

Gram staining location

Outside cytoplasmic membrane

Gram stain PMDC

Primary stain: crystal violet

Mordant: Gram’s Iodine

Decolorizer: Alcohol

Counterstain: Safranin

Acid fast stain

Myolic acid in waxy cell wall;

Primary stain: carbolfuchsin w heat

Decolorizer: acid alcohol

Counterstain : methylene blue

Endospore stain

Endospore coat identification;

P: malachite green w heat

D: h2o

C: safranin

Capsule stain

Polysacc gel capsule; undetected by phagocytes;

India ink across background (negative Counterstain)

Any Counterstain

which macromolecule encoded within DNA

protein

Koch’s Postulates

to prove that a specific microorganism causes a specific disease

1. Presence: The pathogen must be present in all cases of the disease and absent from healthy organisms.

2. Isolation: It must be isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture.

3. Causation: The cultured agent must cause the disease when inoculated into a healthy, susceptible host.

4. Re-isolation: The same microorganism must be recovered from the experimentally infected host.