Griggs Psychology Chapter 4

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Classical Conditioning

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Learning that one stimulus signals the arrival of another stimulus. Conditioned stimulus and response.

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Reflex

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When an unconditioned stimulus automatically elicits an unconditioned response. No learning necessary.

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44 Terms

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Classical Conditioning

Learning that one stimulus signals the arrival of another stimulus. Conditioned stimulus and response.

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Reflex

When an unconditioned stimulus automatically elicits an unconditioned response. No learning necessary.

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Delayed Conditioning

ideal training - neutral stimulus precedes the unconditioned stimulus, briefly overlaps.

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Trace Conditioning

CS begins and ends before UCS is presented

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Acquisition

in classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response.

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Extinction

The diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced.

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Spontaneous Recovery

the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response

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Stimulus Generalization

Process by which conditioned stimuli similar, but not identical to, the original conditioned stimulus elicit a conditioned response.

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Stimulus Discrimination

Process by which an organism learns to respond only to a specific stimulus and not to other stimuli

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Operant Conditioning

Learning to associate behaviors with their consequences.

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Law of Effect

Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

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Reinforcer

A stimulus that increases the probability of a prior response.

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Punisher

A stimulus change that decreases the future frequency of behavior that immediately precedes it.

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Reinforcement

An act performed to strengthen approved behavior

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Punishment

An event that decreases the behavior that it follows.

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Appetitive Stimulus

Any stimulus that is considered positive, pleasant, or rewarding.

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Aversive Stimulus

An unpleasant or noxious stimulus

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Positive Reinforcement

Reinforcement where an appetitive stimulus is presented.

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Positive Punishment

Punishment where an aversive stimulus is presented.

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Negative Reinforcement

Reinforcement in which an aversive stimulus is removed.

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Negative Punishment

Punishment in which an appetitive stimulus is removed.

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Primary Reinforcer

An innately reinforcing stimulus,such as one that satisfies a biological need

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Secondary Reinforcer

Any reinforcer that becomes reinforcing after being paired with a primary reinforcer, such as praise, tokens, or gold stars

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Behavior Modification

Psychotherapy that seeks to extinguish or inhibit abnormal or maladaptive behavior by reinforcing desired behavior and extinguishing undesired behavior

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Cumulative Record

A type of graph on which the cumulative number of responses emitted is represented on the vertical axis; the steeper the slope of the data path, the greater the response rate.

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Discriminative Stimulus

In operant conditioning, the stimuli has to be present for the response to be reinforced.

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Stimulus Discrimination (Operant Conditioning)

Learning to give the operant response only in the presence of the discriminative stimulus.

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Continuous Schedule of Reinforcement

Reinforcing the desired response each time it's made.

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Partial Schedule of Reinforcement

Only reinforcing the desired operant response sometimes.

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Partial-Reinforcement Effect

A phenomenon in which behaviors learned under a partial reinforcement schedule are more difficult to extinguish than behaviors learned on a continuous reinforcement schedule

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Fixed-Ratio Schedule

In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses.

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Variable-Ratio Schedule

In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses.

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Fixed-Interval Schedule

In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed.

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Variable-Interval Schedule

In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals.

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Drive-Reduction Theory

The idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need.

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Incentive Theory

A theory of motivation stating that behavior is directed toward attaining desirable stimuli and avoiding unwanted stimuli.

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Arousal Theory

The theory stating that we are motivated by our innate desire to maintain an optimal level of arousal.

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Yerkes-Dodson Law

A law stating that effective performance is more likely if the level of arousal is suitable for the activity.

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Extrinsic Motivation

A desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment.

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Intrinsic Motivation

A desire to perform a behavior for its own sake

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Overjustification Effect

The effect of promising a reward for doing what one already likes to do. The person may now see the reward, rather than intrinsic interest, as the motivation for performing the task.

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Instinctual Drift

The tendency for learned behavior to drift toward instinctual behavior over time.

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Observational Learning

A type of learning that occurs when an organism's responding is influenced by the observation of others, who are called models.

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Mirror Neutrons

Type of neuron that activiates both when an action is performed and when the same action is perceived.