Classical Conditioning
Learning that one stimulus signals the arrival of another stimulus. Conditioned stimulus and response.
Reflex
When an unconditioned stimulus automatically elicits an unconditioned response. No learning necessary.
1/43
Looks like no tags are added yet.
Name | Mastery | Learn | Test | Matching | Spaced |
---|
No study sessions yet.
Classical Conditioning
Learning that one stimulus signals the arrival of another stimulus. Conditioned stimulus and response.
Reflex
When an unconditioned stimulus automatically elicits an unconditioned response. No learning necessary.
Delayed Conditioning
ideal training - neutral stimulus precedes the unconditioned stimulus, briefly overlaps.
Trace Conditioning
CS begins and ends before UCS is presented
Acquisition
in classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response.
Extinction
The diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced.
Spontaneous Recovery
the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response
Stimulus Generalization
Process by which conditioned stimuli similar, but not identical to, the original conditioned stimulus elicit a conditioned response.
Stimulus Discrimination
Process by which an organism learns to respond only to a specific stimulus and not to other stimuli
Operant Conditioning
Learning to associate behaviors with their consequences.
Law of Effect
Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely
Reinforcer
A stimulus that increases the probability of a prior response.
Punisher
A stimulus change that decreases the future frequency of behavior that immediately precedes it.
Reinforcement
An act performed to strengthen approved behavior
Punishment
An event that decreases the behavior that it follows.
Appetitive Stimulus
Any stimulus that is considered positive, pleasant, or rewarding.
Aversive Stimulus
An unpleasant or noxious stimulus
Positive Reinforcement
Reinforcement where an appetitive stimulus is presented.
Positive Punishment
Punishment where an aversive stimulus is presented.
Negative Reinforcement
Reinforcement in which an aversive stimulus is removed.
Negative Punishment
Punishment in which an appetitive stimulus is removed.
Primary Reinforcer
An innately reinforcing stimulus,such as one that satisfies a biological need
Secondary Reinforcer
Any reinforcer that becomes reinforcing after being paired with a primary reinforcer, such as praise, tokens, or gold stars
Behavior Modification
Psychotherapy that seeks to extinguish or inhibit abnormal or maladaptive behavior by reinforcing desired behavior and extinguishing undesired behavior
Cumulative Record
A type of graph on which the cumulative number of responses emitted is represented on the vertical axis; the steeper the slope of the data path, the greater the response rate.
Discriminative Stimulus
In operant conditioning, the stimuli has to be present for the response to be reinforced.
Stimulus Discrimination (Operant Conditioning)
Learning to give the operant response only in the presence of the discriminative stimulus.
Continuous Schedule of Reinforcement
Reinforcing the desired response each time it's made.
Partial Schedule of Reinforcement
Only reinforcing the desired operant response sometimes.
Partial-Reinforcement Effect
A phenomenon in which behaviors learned under a partial reinforcement schedule are more difficult to extinguish than behaviors learned on a continuous reinforcement schedule
Fixed-Ratio Schedule
In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses.
Variable-Ratio Schedule
In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses.
Fixed-Interval Schedule
In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed.
Variable-Interval Schedule
In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals.
Drive-Reduction Theory
The idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need.
Incentive Theory
A theory of motivation stating that behavior is directed toward attaining desirable stimuli and avoiding unwanted stimuli.
Arousal Theory
The theory stating that we are motivated by our innate desire to maintain an optimal level of arousal.
Yerkes-Dodson Law
A law stating that effective performance is more likely if the level of arousal is suitable for the activity.
Extrinsic Motivation
A desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment.
Intrinsic Motivation
A desire to perform a behavior for its own sake
Overjustification Effect
The effect of promising a reward for doing what one already likes to do. The person may now see the reward, rather than intrinsic interest, as the motivation for performing the task.
Instinctual Drift
The tendency for learned behavior to drift toward instinctual behavior over time.
Observational Learning
A type of learning that occurs when an organism's responding is influenced by the observation of others, who are called models.
Mirror Neutrons
Type of neuron that activiates both when an action is performed and when the same action is perceived.