Cardiovascular System

heart location

mediastinum of thoracic cavity

heart is superior to the

diaphragm

the base of the heart is

several big vessels

base of heart location

below the 2nd rib

apex of heart location 

in the 5 th intercostal space 

the size of the heart

14 cm x 9 cm (fist)

how mnay layers does the pericardium have

2

what is the inner layer of the pericardium called

visceral

what is the outer layer of the pericardium called

parietal 

pericardium cavity

The space between the visceral and parietal layers

pericardium function

contains pericardial fluid, helping to reduce friction during heart movements.

how many layers of the wall of the heart

3

what is the inner layer of the wall of the heart 

endocardium 

what is endocardium ade up of

epithelial tissue + connective tissue (elastic/collagen)

endocardium contains specialized cells called

purkinje fiber

what is the middle layer of the wall of the heart

myocardium

what is myocardium 

cardiac muscle tissue 

what does myocardium do

pump blood out of heart chamber

what is the outer layer of the wall of the heart called

epicardium (visceral pericardium)

what is epicardium made up of

serous membrane + adipose

what does the epicardium contain 

blood vessels, lymph vessels and nerve 

epicardium function

protection (from friction)

what many chambers in the heart

4

what are the two upper chambers called

L&R atrium

what are the two lower chambers called 

L&R ventricle 

what does the right artium do

recieves systemic blood

what does do right ventricle do

pump blood to lung

what does the left atrium do

receives pulmonary blood

what does the left ventricle do 

pumps blood to system 

how many valves does the heart have

4

what are the valves on the right side called

pulmonary and tricuspid

what are the valves of the left side called

aortic and mitral

what is the function of the valves 

blood flow is one-way and prevents backflow 

left ventricle is ____ the size of right ventricle

double

chordae tendineae 

strong fibrous string 

what does the chordae tendineae connect

papillary muscle and valves

prpillary muscle contracts with

ventricle contraction

why do papillary muscle contract

to close the (MV,TV) valves

what is the reason to close the MV TV valves when papillary muscle contracts 

to prevent back flow

which ventricles pump blood

right-ventricle, left atrium and left ventricle

right atruym goes to 

tricuspid valve 

tricuspid valves goes across

right ventricle

right ventricle to

pulmonary valve

pulmonary circulatory system does

gas exchange

pulmonary circulatory system returns 

left atrium 

mitral valve (bicuspid) foes to

left ventricle

left ventricle to

aortic valve

aortic valve to

aorta

high O2 is 

found in the aorta.

low O2 is

found in the right atrium and pulmonary arteries.

what is the largest artery 

aorta 

artery branch of

artery outside organ

arteriole branch of

artery inside

capillary branch of

arteriole

capillary does 

exchange of gas and nutrients 

venule is

connection of capillarity inside organ

vena cava has

deoxygenated blood from the body

strongest muscle

cardiac

strongest skeletal muscle 

neck 

papillary muscle is found in

Left ventricle 

in relaxed ventricles valves that are opening 

tricuspid and mitral 

in relaxed ventricles valves that are closing

pulmonary and aortic valves

in contracting ventricles valves that are opening 

pulmonary and aortic valves

in contracting ventricles valves that are opening 

tricuspid and mitral valves

auricle 

outer portion of atrium 

sulcus

deep groove

what does sulcus contain

blood vessels and adipose tissue (protection)

coronary sulcus is landmark of

atrium and ventricle

vessels of the heart and located in 

epicardium 

right coronary artery supplies the

posterior and inferior portion

left coronary artery supplies the

anterior portion

what is cardiac conduction 

the process by which the heart generates and conducts electrical impulses, regulating heartbeat and rhythm.

cardiac output =

stroke volume x heart rate

cardiac output is the

volume of blood pumped by heart in 1 min

the cardiac cycle (heartbeat)

heart chambers work coordinately

while atria contract you go into 

atrial systole 

while ventricle relax you go into

ventricular diastole

when ventricles contract you go into

ventricular systole

which atria relax you go into

atrial diastole

during atrial contraction 

pulmonary and aortic valve close  and blood fills the ventricles.

during ventricle contraction

bicuspid and tricuspid valve close

pressure changes when

valves open and close

heartbeat needs how many cells

two

contractile cells 

myocardium 

conductiong cells

SA-node, AV node, purkinje fibers

atria and ventricle share muscle so

they contract at the same time

what type of contraction from contractile cells

involuntary

contractile cells nucleus 

centrally located 

contractile cells has

intercalated discs

contractile cells gap junction

enable action potential spread throught a network of cells desmoses (hold cells together)

syncytium is a

functional unit

syncytium has 

cardiac muscle fibers + intercalated discs 

syncytium make sure

atria and ventricles contract/relax together

what contracts first atria or ventricles

atria

SA node is

pacemaker of heart

AV node, AV bundle, purkinje fiber are 

conducting cells 

AV node, AV bundle, purkinje fiber carry

stimulation from SA nodes

most common arrhythmia location

AV node

AV node, AV bundle, purkinje fiber is between

atrium and ventricle in the heart's conduction system

AV node location 

inferior part of interatrial septum