ch3 - carbohydrates

what biological elements are carbohydrates made up of

C, H, O

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

what is a monomer 

small units which can be joined to form long chain of molecules 

what is a polymer 

long chain of molecules formed by joining monomers during a condensation reaction

what is a condensation reaction 

joining molecules together by removing water causing chemical bonds to be formed

what are condensation reactions also known as and why

anabolic reactions - building large molecules from smaller ones this process requires and uses energy to form bonds 

what is hydrolysis reaction 

splitting apart molecules through the addition of water causing chemical bonds to be broken 

what are hydrolysis reactions also known as

catabolic reactions - breakdown of a large molecule into smaller ones this process releases energy as bonds are broken 

condensation = … reaction

hydrolysis = … reaction 

condensation = anabolic 

hydrolysis = catabolic 

is glucose a monomer or polymer

a monomer 

what is the chemical formula for glucose and why is glucose important

C6H12O6

its important for all living things for respiration so energy can be generated

what are the two isomers of glucose 

Alpha glucose 

Beta glucose 

what does isomers mean 

when a molecule has the same chemical formula but structure is different 

what is the structural difference between the isomers of glucose

Beta BEATS Alpha

-in beta glucose the hydroxyl, OH, group is above the plane

-in alpha glucose the hydroxyl, OH, group is below the plane

what is a monosaccharide and name all 4

a small simple sugar

-glucose

-fructose

-galactose

-ribose

what is the difference between glucose and ribose

glucose - hexose monosaccharide

ribose - pentose monosaccharide

what is a disaccharide and name all 3

two monosaccharides joined together by glycosidic bonds - formed via a condensation reaction

-maltose

-lactose

-sucrose

how is maltose formed

glucose + glucose > maltose + water

how is lactose formed 

glucose + galactose > lactose + water 

how is sucrose formed

glucose + fructose > sucrose + water

how do glycosidic bonds form

when two monosaccharides undergo a condensation reaction

what are the two types of glycosidic bonds which can be formed

1-4 (between 1C of one glucose and 4C of another glucose)

1-6 (between 1C of one glucose and 6C of another glucose)

what is a polysaccharide and name all 3

a polymer made up of many monosaccharides joined together (formed via condensation reactions)

-cellulose

-starch 

-glycogen 

what is cellulose and where is it found

found in plant cell walls to provide structural support

what monomer is cellulose made up of and what is the bond between the monomers

BETA glucose with 1-4 glycosidic bonds

What is unique about the arrangement of  beta monomers 

They are inverted - each monomer is flipped by 180º creating an alternating inversion pattern, so the OH groups are close enough to react 

what is the structure of cellulose

Beta glucose monomers join to form long, straight unbranched cellulose chains 

Alternating inversion allows hydrogen bonds to form between each chain forming microfibrils 

Microfibrils bundle together to make macrofibrils 

Macrofibrils combine to form strong cellulose fibres in the cell wall 

2 adaptations that enable cellulose carry out its function 

Long straight unbranched chains - provide rigidity 

Hydrogen bonds - collectively provide tensile strength

is cellulose soluble or insoluble and whys that important

insoluble meaning it does not affect water potential

what is starch and where is it found 

found in plants inside chloroplast, as energy storage/ stores glucose

what are the 2 forms of starch 

amylose and amylopectin

what monomer are the starch chains made up of and what is the bond between the monomers

ALPHA glucose

amylose - 1-4 glycosidic bonds

amylopectin - 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds

what is the structure of amylose

Alpha glucose monomers join to form long, unbranched helix 

what is the structure of amylopectin

Alpha glucose monomers join to form long, highly branched molecule

Adaptations for each type of starch that enable to carry out its function 

Amylose - compact so can fit a lot of glucose in a small space 

Amylopectin - branched molecule increases surface area for fast hydrolysis back into glucose to be readily available for respiration 

> both are large so cannot diffuse out of cells

is starch soluble or insoluble and whys that important

insoluble meaning it does not affect water potential

what is glycogen and where is it found

found in animals to store glucose

what monomer is glycogen made up of and what is the bond between the monomers

ALPHA glucose with 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds

what is the structure of glycogen 

Alpha glucose monomers join to form highly branched molecule

Adaptations for each type of starch that enable to carry out its function 

Highly branched molecule increases surface area for fast hydrolysis back into glucose to be readily available for respiration 

> both are large so cannot diffuse out of cells

is glycogen soluble or insoluble and whys that important

insoluble meaning it does not affect water potential