Biology Quiz #7 Study Material on Reflexes and Neuronal Responses

1. integrating center

2. sensory neuron axon

3. sensory neuron cell body

4. sensory receptor

5. effector

6. motor neuron axon

7. motor neuron cell body

ID 1-7

1. receptor

2. sensory neuron

3. integrating center of reciprocal innervation

4. integrating center for patellar reflex arc

5. motor neuron for patellar reflex arc

6. motor neuron for reciprocal innervation

7. effector for patellar reflex arc

8. effector for reciprocal innervation

ID 1-8

1. sensory neuron

2. interneuron sending impulses up and down the spinal cord

3. interneuron synapsing with motor neurons

4. motor neuron causing reflexion

5. motor neuron causing extension

ID 1-5

monosynaptic reflex arc

the sensory (afferent, presynaptic) neuron fires directly onto the motor (efferent, postsynaptic) neuron

(Integrating center-> single synapse between a sensory and motor neuron)

polysynaptic reflex arc

-if there is at least one interneuron b/w the sensory and motor neurons

Ex: withdrawal reflex

(Integrating center-> consists of multiple synapses involving one or more interneurons (association neurons) between a sensory and a motor neuron

ipsilateral reflex arc

one in which the sensory input and the motor output are on the same sides of the spinal cord

Ex. flexor reflex

contralateral reflex arc

sensory impulses enter one side of the spinal cord and motor impulses exit on the opposite side

somatic reflex arc

effectors are skeletal fibers

-sensory neurons (any reflex arc) the neuron is unipolar neuron

visceral reflex arc

motor response involves cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, or glands

1. Receptors: nerve endings that detect stretch, tissue damage, blood chemicals, body temperature, and other internal stimuli

2. Afferent neurons: leading to the CNS

3. Interneurons: in the CNS

4. Efferent neurons: carry motor signals away from the CNS

5. Effectors: that make adjustments

sensory receptor, sensory neuron, integrating center, motor neuron, effector

list the 5 components of a reflex arc

inhibited (stretching so they are relaxed and not contracted)

Determine if the motor neurons supplying the hamstrings are stimulated or inhibited during the patellar reflex test

Intensifying (occupies the brain to naturally respond instead of lifting leg due to being aware of the hit about to occur)

Determine whether the effect of the clasping and pulling of the hands during the patellar reflex have an intensifying or diminishing effect on the patellar reflex

reflex

response of the effector to stimulation by the motor neuron of the reflex arc

fast, involuntary, fast (don't think about them - no brain), automatic

The doctor hits your knee and it automatically jumps.

characteristic and example of reflex

somatic

contraction of skeletal muscle

autonomic (visceral)

motor response involves cardiac and smooth muscle, or glands

cranial

mediated by cranial nerves

spinal

meaning of spinal nerves

somatic reflex

contraction of skeletal muscles

involuntary movements in response to a stimulus

pull your hand away from a hot object

characteristic and example of somatic reflex

Autonomic (viseral) reflexes

motor response involves cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, or glands

unconscious motor reflexes relayed from the organs and glands to the CNS through afferent signaling

pupillary reflex, breathing, defecation reflex/ urination reflex, coughing

characteristic and example of autonomic (visceral) reflexes

cranial reflexes

reflexes mediated by cranial nerves

take place in the facial or head area

blink reflex, jaw jerk, masseter inhibitory reflex

characteristic and example of cranial reflexes

spinal reflexes

reflexes mediated by spinal nerves

involuntary and instantaneous movement in response to stimuli

stretch reflex, crossed extensor reflex, withdrawal reflex, inverse stretch (tendon reflex)

characteristic and example of spinal reflexes

reciprocal innervation

stimulation of contraction in muscles with simultaneous inhibition (relaxation) of antagonistic muscles

the process that controls agonist and antagonist muscle actions

patellar reflex

characteristic and example of reciprocal innervation

cerebral cortex

inhibitory signals are sent via the corticospinal tract to override certain reflexes

not responsible for reflexes, has association areas. It has a broad range of functions including perception and awareness of sensory information, planning, and initiation of motor activity

primary motor cortex- voluntary muscle movement

characteristic and example of cerebral cortex

ipsilateral

input and output are on the same side of the body

tumor involving the right side of the brain may affect vision ipsilaterally that is, in the right eye

patellar reflex, withdrawal reflex, during crossed extensor reflex the ipsilateral limb reacts with a withdrawal reflex (stimulating flexor muscles and inhibiting extensor muscles on the same side)

example of ipsilateral

contralateral

input and output are on opposite sides of the body

stroke? involving the right side of the brain may cause contralateral paralysis of the left leg

crossed extensor reflex-the contralateral extensor muscles contract so that the person can appropriately shift balance to the opposite foot during reflex

example of contralateral

effector

skeletal muscle (somatic reflex), cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, or glands (autonomic reflexes)

motor (efferent) neuron

carries the action potential initiated by the integrating center to the effector

integrative center

where the actual value and the set point are compared; if a difference is detected, effector systems are activated that change the regulated variable in the direction back toward the set point

(located within the gray matter of the CNS and transfers information from the sensory neuron to the motor neuron)

sensory neurons

neurons that receive information from the external world and convey this information to the brain via the spinal cord

sensory receptor

encapsulated nerve ending, free nerve ending or specialized sensory cell

detect changes in the internal as well as external environment. Send signals to the CNS and brain for processing and integration

Pacinian corpuscle, touch receptors in the skin, also located in the tendons, ligaments, visceral organs.

characteristic and example of sensory receptor

agonist muscle

muscle that contracts to produce a movement

antagonist muscle

The muscle opposite the agonist, which must relax and lengthen during contraction of the agonist.

2; 1

how many neurons are in monosynaptic reflex arc?

how many synapses are in the integrating center?

3 or more; 3

how many neurons are in a polysynaptic reflex arc?

how many synapses are in a polysynaptic reflex arc containing two interneurons in the integrating center?

motor neuron

which type of neuron does the sensory neuron synapse with in a monosynaptic reflex arc?

interneurons

which type of neuron does the sensory neuron synapse with in a polysynaptic reflex arc

tibial nerve; musculocutaneous; femoral; tibial; radial; not normal

name the nerve that is tested in each of the following reflexes

1. achilles reflex

2. biceps reflex

3. patellar reflex

4. plantar flexion reflex

5. triceps reflex

6. is a Babinski's sign normal in adults?

sciatic

nerve carrying motor information causing right leg flexion

femoral

nerve carrying motor information causing left leg extension

quadricepts

agonistic muscles for right leg flexion

hamstrings

agonistic muscles for left leg extension

somatic; spinal nerve reflexes

Identify if somatic or autonomic reflex and identify if spinal nerve reflexes or cranial nerve reflexes:

Plantar flexion of foot when Achilles tendon is stretched

autonomic; cranial nerve reflexes

Identify if somatic or autonomic reflex and identify if spinal nerve reflexes or cranial nerve reflexes:

Salivation in response to lemon juice on tongue

autonomic; cranial nerve reflexes

Identify if somatic or autonomic reflex and identify if spinal nerve reflexes or cranial nerve reflexes:

Blinking in response to touching the cornea

somatic; spinal nerve reflexes

Identify if somatic or autonomic reflex and identify if spinal nerve reflexes or cranial nerve reflexes:

Flexion of arm in response to touching a hot object

polysynaptic; ipsilateral

Reflex arc:

Is it monosynaptic or polysynaptic?

Is it ipsilateral or contralateral?

ipsilateral; inhibited; occupies your brain due to it naturally having response instead of lifting your leg (knowingly the hit will occur)

Patellar reflex:

Is it ipsilateral or contralateral?

Are the motor neurons supplying the hamstrings stimulated or inhibited?

Describe the effect that clasping and pulling the hands has on the patellar reflex compared with the first patellar reflex?

musculocutaneous nerve; tricepts brachii

Biceps reflex:

Name the nerve that carries the sensory and motor axons for this reflex arc?

Name the antagonistic muscles that are inhibited by reciprocal innervation?

radial; biceps brachii

Triceps reflex:

Name the nerve that carries the sensory and motor axons for this reflex arc?

Name the antagonistic muscles that are inhibited by reciprocal innervation?

tibial; tibialis anterior

Achilles reflex:

Name the nerve that carries the sensory and motor axons for this reflex arc?

Name the antagonistic muscles that are inhibited by reciprocal innervation?

flexor; flexor muscles of the ankle

Plantar flexion:

Name the nerve that carries the sensory and motor axons for this reflex arc?

Name the antagonistic muscles that are inhibited by reciprocal innervation?

contralateral

In a crossed-extensor reflex, the _____ extensor muscles contract so that the person can appropriately shift balance to the opposite foot during the reflex. (Choose one: contralateral or ipsilateral)

ipsilateral

In a crossed-extensor reflex, the _____ limb reacts with a withdrawal reflex (stimulating flexor muscles and inhibiting extensor muscles on the same side. (Choose one: contralateral or ipsilateral)

sensory

Item 4 in the picture below is ______. Motor, Sensory

sensory

Item 3 in the picture below is a(n) ______ neuron cell body. Motor or Sensory

autonomic

The reflex arc shown below is an example of which of these: Autonomic or Somatic?

true

The item labeled B in the picture below represents a stimulus, a painful one at that, causing a reflex action to occur spontaneously. Even though it is a spontaneous, involuntary reaction, it is part of a somatic reflex arc because it results in stimulation of voluntary, skeletal muscle fibers.

true or false

false

Collectivley, A in the picture below is a spinal nerve and is, therefore, part of the central nervous system.

true or false

false

Somatic reflex arcs involve only the autonomic nervous system.

true or false