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Role of hormones
Chemical messengers produced by glands, transported by the bloodstream to target organs, regulating processes like growth, metabolism, and reproduction.
Endocrine system
A system of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream to control and coordinate various body functions.
Pituitary gland
A small gland at the base of the brain that controls other endocrine glands and secretes hormones like growth hormone, ADH (antidiuretic hormone), and FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone).
Thyroid gland
A gland in the neck that produces thyroxine, which regulates metabolism, growth, and development.
Adrenal glands
Glands located above the kidneys that produce adrenaline (fight or flight response) and cortisol (regulates metabolism and stress response).
Pancreas and its function
A gland that produces insulin (lowers blood glucose) and glucagon (raises blood glucose), regulating blood sugar levels.
Ovaries and their hormones
Female reproductive glands that produce estrogen and progesterone, controlling the menstrual cycle and pregnancy.
Testes and their hormone
Male reproductive glands that produce testosterone, responsible for sperm production and male secondary sexual characteristics.
Insulin function
Insulin lowers blood glucose levels by promoting glucose uptake into cells and storing excess as glycogen in the liver.
Glucagon function
Glucagon raises blood glucose levels by stimulating the liver to convert glycogen into glucose and release it into the bloodstream.
Thyroxine function
Thyroxine regulates metabolic rate, affecting growth, energy production, and temperature control.
Adrenaline function
It increases heart rate,
dilates pupils
releases glucagon to up raise blood sugar levels
diverts blood away from the digestive system towards you muscles
makes your hairs stand on end
breathing rate increase
mental awareness incresaes: faster reactions
Menstrual cycle hormones
FSH (stimulates egg development), LH (triggers ovulation), estrogen (builds uterine lining), and progesterone (maintains pregnancy).
Negative feedback in hormone regulation
A process where a change in a hormone level triggers actions to counteract that change, maintaining balance (e.g., insulin and blood glucose regulation).
Type 1 diabetes
A condition where the pancreas produces little to no insulin, leading to high blood glucose levels. Treatment involves insulin injections.
Type 2 diabetes
A condition where the body becomes resistant to insulin, often linked to obesity. Management involves diet, exercise, and sometimes medication.
Estrogen function
A hormone produced by the ovaries that regulates the development of female secondary sexual characteristics and the menstrual cycle. It stimulates the thickening of the uterine lining in preparation for pregnancy.
Progesterone function
A hormone produced by the ovaries that prepares the uterus for pregnancy by maintaining the thickened uterine lining. It also inhibits the release of further eggs during pregnancy.
FSH (Follicle-stimulating hormone) function
A hormone produced by the pituitary gland- when progesterone and oestrogen levels are low that stimulates the growth and development of egg follicles in the ovaries and promotes the production of eggs in females.
It releases oestrogen
LH (Luteinizing hormone) function
A hormone produced by the pituitary gland that triggers ovulation (release of an egg) and stimulates the production of progesterone in females.
ADH (Antidiuretic hormone) function
A hormone produced by the pituitary gland that regulates water balance by increasing water reabsorption in the kidneys, reducing urine output, and helping to maintain blood pressure and hydration levels.
