Studied by 0 peopleparts of respiration
pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, respiratory gas transport, internal respiration
pulmonary ventilation
air is continuously moved into and out of the lungs
external respiration
fresh oxygen from outside to the body fills lungs and alveoli, allowing gas exchange netween alveoli and pulmonary blood
respiratory gas transport
the oxygen and carbon dioxide gases in the blood are transported between the lungs and differend body tissues
internal respiration
gas exchange occurs internally between the tissues and capillaries
Boyle’s Law
the volume of a gas is inversely proportional to its pressure; as the volume of a gas increases, the pressure decreases
inspiration (inhalation)
the process by which air flows into the lungs, thoracic cavity expands
expiration (exhalation)
the process by which air is expelled by the lungs; passive process, thoracic cavity decreases space
nonrespiratory air manuvers
cough, sneeze, hiccup, yawn
cough
caused by a need to clear debris from the lower respiratory tract, results in closing the epiglottis and forceful exhalation being performed
sneeze
caused by a need to clear the upper respiratory passageways of debris, results in uvula closing off oral cavity and air going through the nose
hiccup
caused by an irritation of the phrenic nerves, diapragm muscle spasms, results in sudden inspirations against the vocal cords of a closed glottis
yawn
caused by a need for increased oxygen in the lungs, results in prolonged, deep inspirations (taken with the jaw widely open)
neural breathing centers
medulla oblongata and pons
Hering-Breuer reflex
prevents overinflation of the alveolar sacs
central chemoreceptors
constantly monitor changes in cerebrospinal fluid pH
peripheral chemoreceptors
sensitive to changes in blood oxygen level
mechanoreceptors
located in muscles and joints, mechanoreceptors detect muscle contraction and force generation during exercise
static lung volume
measures only volume
dynamic lung volume
measures volume based on time
spirometer
measures static lung volume
flow volume meter
measures dynamic lung volume
Note
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