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Respiratory System 9.2
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Health
Anatomy and Physiology
11th
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23 Terms
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1
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parts of respiration
pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, respiratory gas transport, internal respiration
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pulmonary ventilation
air is continuously moved into and out of the lungs
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external respiration
fresh oxygen from outside to the body fills lungs and alveoli, allowing gas exchange netween alveoli and pulmonary blood
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respiratory gas transport
the oxygen and carbon dioxide gases in the blood are transported between the lungs and differend body tissues
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internal respiration
gas exchange occurs internally between the tissues and capillaries
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Boyle’s Law
the volume of a gas is inversely proportional to its pressure; as the volume of a gas increases, the pressure decreases
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inspiration (inhalation)
the process by which air flows into the lungs, thoracic cavity expands
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expiration (exhalation)
the process by which air is expelled by the lungs; passive process, thoracic cavity decreases space
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nonrespiratory air manuvers
cough, sneeze, hiccup, yawn
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cough
caused by a need to clear debris from the lower respiratory tract, results in closing the epiglottis and forceful exhalation being performed
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sneeze
caused by a need to clear the upper respiratory passageways of debris, results in uvula closing off oral cavity and air going through the nose
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hiccup
caused by an irritation of the phrenic nerves, diapragm muscle spasms, results in sudden inspirations against the vocal cords of a closed glottis
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yawn
caused by a need for increased oxygen in the lungs, results in prolonged, deep inspirations (taken with the jaw widely open)
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neural breathing centers
medulla oblongata and pons
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Hering-Breuer reflex
prevents overinflation of the alveolar sacs
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central chemoreceptors
constantly monitor changes in cerebrospinal fluid pH
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peripheral chemoreceptors
sensitive to changes in blood oxygen level
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mechanoreceptors
located in muscles and joints, mechanoreceptors detect muscle contraction and force generation during exercise
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static lung volume
measures only volume
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dynamic lung volume
measures volume based on time
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spirometer
measures static lung volume
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flow volume meter
measures dynamic lung volume
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