HEGEMONY AND MODERNITY

Hegemony

Relatively governing position of a specific set of ideas and their related tendency to become reasonable and clear hence restricting the propagation or even articulation of other views.

Passive Modernists

Are caught in the swirl of the world; they cannot hope to control; there is a life of constant coping under the pain of isolation.

Hegemon

Refers to an actor, organization, class, or state that holds dominant authority or is responsible for the propagation of hegemonic ideals.

Modernity

Refers to a mode of experiencing the world as an environment of constant change.

Modernist

Refers to a person who follows or favors modern ways, tendencies, etc., a person who advocates the study of contemporary subjects in preference to ancient classics.

Passive Modernists
Active Modernists

Types of Modernists

Active Modernists

Asserts control over some aspects of their situation by anticipating events and planning; there is a life of adaptation.

Hegemonia

Hegemony is derived from this Greek phrase, which means to guide or rule or govern, conveys the sense of being oppressive and authoritative over others.

Antonio Gramsci

Italian politician and Marxist philosopher who extensively discussed one nation's leadership or dominance over others' implementation in political analysis.

Political Hegemony
Economic Hegemony
Cultural Hegemony
Ideological Hegemony

Types of Hegemony

Hegemony

An important topic in political science, sociology, cultural studies, and international relations.

Hegemonic Ability Hypothesis

The idea that those in power—like governments, media companies, or influential leaders—can control or shape people's thoughts and beliefs.

Modernism

Refers to a movement that emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, characterized by a rejection of traditional values and an embrace of new forms of expression.

Education

A collective term that refers to social institutions where children of all ages learn academic and practical skills and the social and cultural values and norms of their wider society.

Formal Education

Coombs and Ahmed provide a much-cited definition of formal education as being "the institutionalized, chronologically graded and hierarchically structured... system, spanning lower primary school and the upper reaches of the university".

Formal Learning

Some argue that this is largely teacher focused, relying on teacher-set activities.

Informal Learning

Is often defined as a residual category of non-formal learning, which itself is a residual category of formal learning.

Informal Learning

Coombs and Ahmed provide a much-cited definition of this as the lifelong process by which every person acquires and accumulates knowledge, skills, attitudes and insights from daily experiences and exposure to the environment.

Informal Learning

Refers to learning resulting from daily work- related, family or leisure activities.

Non-formal Learning

Refers to learning through a program but it is not usually evaluated and does not lead to certification.

Non-Formal Education

Refers to education that occurs outside the formal school system. It is also often used interchangeably with terms such as community education, adult education, lifelong education and second-chance education.

Non-Formal Education

Coombs and Ahmed provide a much-cited definition for this which is that it s "any organized, systematic, educational activity carried on outside the framework of the formal system to provide selected types of learning to particular subgroups in the population, adults as well as children".

ITBs (Indirect Teaching Behaviors)

Also known as non-direct teaching behaviors and include teachers' facial expressions, tone of voice, gestures, and so on.

Jung and Choi (2016)

They found that ITBs were important in promoting a positive learning environment, encouraging the development of effective student relationships with peers, and motivating students.

Basic Literacy Program

BLP

Republic Act No. 7796

Known as TESDA Act of 1994, empowers TESDA to establish and maintain a system of accrediting, coordinating, integrating, monitoring and evaluating formal and non-formal technical education and training.

Traditionalism

A movement that values the preservation of established customs and beliefs. It is characterized by a reverence for the past and a reluctance to embrace change.

Traditionalists

Often view modernism as a threat to the values and traditions that have sustained society for generations.

Traditionalism

About maintaining a connection to the past and the values that have shaped our culture and society.

Traditionalists

They think that tradition and custom should guide man and his worldview, as their names imply.

Modern Literacy

The use of symbolism, fragmentation, and unconventional narrative techniques characterizes modernist literature

Art Movement

Traditionalism emphasizes the importance of skill, craftsmanship, and the preservation of artistic traditions. It seeks to create art that is timeless and enduring, rooted in the past but relevant to the presents and values the preservation of established artistic techniques.

Modern Architecture

More streamlined with an emphasis on function and form rather than ornamentation and artistic craftsmanship.

Traditional Architecture

Refers to a style of design and construction that is deeply rooted in the culture and traditions of a place.

Ventilation
Maximizing natural lighting
Acoustics
Functionality
Aesthetics
Durability

Traditional Architecture usually requires a lot of thought with regard to these.

Modernism

Associated with progress, individualism, and a willingness to embrace change.

Traditionalism

This embodies a desire for stability, community, and the preservation of established social structures.

The Market

In the context of this, Philippine modernity and hegemony involve the transformation of economic structures, business practices, and market dynamics influenced by modernization and dominant forces.

E-commerce Platforms

These platforms exemplify modernist practices through the integration of advanced e-commerce technologies, personalized recommendations, efficient supply chain management, and a seamless online shopping experience.

Digital Payment Systems

These modernist financial technology companies revolutionize traditional payment systems by offering secure and convenient digital payment solutions, enabling online transactions and facilitating the shift toward a cashless society.

Tech-driven Startups

These startups embody modernist entrepreneurship by leveraging technology to disrupt and innovate traditional industries, such as transportation, hospitality, and music streaming.

Technology Giants

These companies embody modernism through their constant innovation, global reach, and diverse product and service offerings.

Fast Fashion Brands

Fast fashion brands demonstrate a modernist approach by rapidly responding to fashion trends, implementing efficient supply chain practices, and leveraging data to optimize inventory and production.

Collaborative Platforms

These platforms facilitate modernist practices by enabling remote collaboration, communication, and virtual meetings.

Mass Media

Refers to the technology that is intended to reach a mass audience. It is the primary means of communication used to reach the vast majority of the general public.

Books
Newspapers
Magazines
Movies
Radio
Television
Sound recording

Mass media includes both print and electronic media such as:

Paper-print
Radio broadcasting
Television and audio-visual media
Public relations
Advertising

Some components of mass media are:

Economic Engine

: Due to their significant remittances sent home, OFWs are essential to the Philippines' economy.

Global Labor Market

The overseas Filipino workers (OFWs) are brought to different countries to meet the labor shortages in those countries and to support industries like information technology, healthcare, and hospitality.

Cultural Exchange and Diversity

As cultural ambassadors, OFWs promote exchanges and interactions between different cultures.

Diversity in the Workplace

The presence of OFWs promotes an environment that welcomes a diversity of perspectives, abilities, and backgrounds, which helps to diversify workplaces.

Human Capital Development

OFWs gain new experiences, knowledge, and skills that they can use to benefit the Philippines when they return, their experience helps to develop human capital.

Poverty Alleviation

Remittances from overseas Filipino workers (OFWs) directly contribute to the reduction of poverty by raising the standard of living for families back home and facilitating access to critical services like healthcare and education.

Economic Migration as a Modernist Phenomenon

Overseas Filipino Workers' (OFWs') economic migration can be seen as a modernist phenomenon that reflects how labor mobility is changing and the state of the world economy.

Identity and Cultural Transformation

Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs) indicate a dual identity or mix of cultures in which they embrace elements of the culture of their host nation while clinging to their Filipino heritage.

Technology and Communication

For overseas Filipino workers (OFWs), the internet and mobile phones have become essential tools that help them stay in touch with their loved ones, get essential information, and pursue lifelong learning and skill development.

Alienation

Describes the sensation of estrangement or detachment that people may go through, especially when they are in a foreign place.

Anomie

Emile Durkheim defined this as a condition of normlessness, or the disintegration of social norms, leaving people without definite rules for behavior.

Fragmentation of Identity

The breakdown or splintering of a person's sense of self, and it is frequently caused by a variety of factors like cultural differences, competing roles, and pressure to live up to expectations.

Cultural Conflicts

When adjusting to a new country, OFWs may experience tensions between their own culture and the local norms. As a result, they may experience a disintegration of their identity as they adjust to various social norms, sets of values, and lifestyles.

Role Confusion

An OFW may also feel as though their identities are being fragmented in relation to their roles.

Social Isolation

This can result from the difficulties of adjusting to a new setting and the possibility of a language barrier.

Coping Mechanisms and Resilience

The two ways of coping that are used, particularly by OFW women, to address issues are the emotion-focused strategy and the problem-focused strategy.

Emotion-focused strategy

When OFWs rely on others to listen to their problems or record them in a personal journal.

Problem-focused strategy

OFWs confront their difficulties head-on, despite any initial reluctance to get confrontational.

Formation of Transnational Communities

Refers to the creation of social networks and support systems that transcend national borders, connecting Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs) with others who share similar experiences, challenges, and cultural backgrounds.

Social Support

To offer social and emotional support to one another, OFWs frequently create transnational communities. These groups could consist of expatriates, other OFWs, or people with similar cultural backgrounds.

Information Exchange

Transnational communities provide forums for the exchange of useful knowledge about jobs, housing, law, and cultural acclimatization.

Cultural Connection

Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs) benefit from the support of transnational communities in preserving their cultural identity.

Mutual Assistance

Transnational communities frequently foster a mutual support culture in which members lend one another a hand when things get tough, whether on a practical, emotional, or financial level.

Cultural Adaptation and Integration

For OFWs, these are manifestations of their resilience as well as coping strategies.

Cultural Awareness

Through this—which entails comprehending and respecting the traditions, morals, and social mores of the host nation—OFWs frequently create coping mechanisms.

Language Acquisition

Speaking and understanding the local language well improves social interactions, communication, and fosters a deeper understanding of the culture.

Cultural Integration

Which entails actively engaging in and contributing to the host culture rather than merely adjusting to it, is a common way for OFWs to show resilience.

Cross-Cultural Competence

It entails having the capacity to negotiate cultural differences, communicate effectively with people from different backgrounds, and forge enduring bonds.

DSWD - Department of Social Welfare and Development

The primary government agency responsible for developing, implementing, and coordinating social protection and poverty-reduction solutions for and with the poor, vulnerable, and disadvantaged Filipinos, particularly OFWs.

OWWA - Overseas Worker Welfare Administration

An attached agency of the Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE) and is responsible for protecting and promoting the welfare and well-being of OFWs and their dependents.

POEA - Philippine Overseas Employment Administration

It is the main government agency responsible for monitoring and supervising overseas recruitment and manning agencies in the Philippines.

DMW - Department of Migrant Workers

It is the main government agency responsible for monitoring and supervising overseas recruitment and manning agencies in the Philippines.

DFA - Department of Foreign Affairs

Responsible for contributing to the enhancement of national security, protecting the rights, and promoting the welfare of Filipinos overseas, including OFWs.

Murdock

According to this functionalist and sociologist, families are good for people and society.

Marxists

They argue that families favor wealthy individuals and feminists argue that males benefit from family life more than females.

Marxists and feminists

Agree that regular family life conceals power and control disparities, leaving children and women vulnerable to exploitation.

Postmodernists

Contend that today's families are just too diverse to draw such broad generalizations.

George Murdock

He was an anthropologist and professor at Yale University in Pittsburgh.

Reproductive
Sexual
Socialization
Economic

According to George Murdock, these are the four universal roles of the family.

Reproductive

To create a stable setting for childbirth and raising.

Sexual

To give a socially acceptable framework for sexuality.

Socialization

Assisting children in learning their society's culture and values, as well as in developing common values and beliefs.

Economic

Collaboration among family members and sexual division of labor contribute to the economy of the larger community.

Talcott Parsons

Was a classically educated American sociologist best known for his social theory and structural functionalism.

Primary Socialization of Children

Parsons argued that children become social adults only by acquiring the values and conventions of the society into which they are born.

The Stabilization of Human Personality

According to Parsons, the sexual division of labor aids in the stabilization of human personality.

Nuclear Family

A family unit made up of parents and their children who usually live in the same house.

Charles Murray

Beginning in the late 1970s, new right theorists like him contended that
➢ The nuclear family is, indeed, the 'typical' family form.
➢ Children need a stable family environment with a married mother and father.
➢ With government assistance to lone parents, the welfare state has undermined the family.
➢ A deterioration in 'family values' has resulted in serious financial and social problems.

Church

In Christian doctrine, is the Christian religious community as a whole, or a body or organization of Christian believers.

Religion

A significant influence in shaping the values and traditions of Filipino families.

Emphasis on Respect for Elders

In Filipino culture, respect for elders is highly valued, and this is greatly influenced by the teachings of religion.

Importance of Family Unity

Religion also plays a vital role in promoting the unity and solidarity of families. Catholic teachings emphasize the importance of family and communal life, which has greatly influenced Filipino family values.

Focus on Morality and Ethics

Religion places a high emphasis on morality and ethics, and these values have been instilled in Filipinos.