ITP AND STATS FROM REVIEWS

attention

individuals direct their mental resources to specific aspects of their environment

Serial position effect

memory phenomenon where the initial and final items in a sequence are better remembered than those in the middle

facial feedback hypothesis

The theory argues that emotional experience (feelings) can be managed by producing different or opposite facial expressions. It also suggests that people do not experience emotions directly; instead, they infer or “read” their emotions from the expressions that appear on their faces.

Perception

make sense of the environment kasi seamlessly processes (reason why perception is the answer) cues raw

Personality

consistent enduring traits & patterns of behavior

OCPD

-personality disorder -very organized raw -usual diagnoses ng serial killers

Selective attention

senses

Confirmation bias

cognitive

Unconditioned stimulus

-involuntary -unconditional pa yan

John bowlby

attachment theory

Lev vygotsky

-famous in psychology & childhood education -zone-approximal setting (?)

Lev vygotsky’s zone of proximal development

Inner circle - activities kids can do w/o assistance >Middle circle - zone of proximal development/activities kids can do w/ assistance >Outer circle - activities kids can’t do even with assistance

Inner circle

activities kids can do w/o assistance

Middle circle

zone of proximal development/activities kids can do w/ assistance

Outer circle

activities kids can’t do even with assistance

Scaffolding

-someone older than u teaching u

Mko (more knowledgeable others)

-nagtuturo sayo na mas may alam sayo (not necessarily mas matanda sayo)

Malignant

-sobrang negative

Maladaptive

-sobrang positive

Babinski reflex

-sa paa ng bata

Moro reflex

-Gulat / startle

Konrad lorenz

-imprinting

Trisomy 21 (down syndrome)

-most famous chromosome error -down syndrome

Elkind

-adult egocentrism: personal fable & imaginary audience

Personal fable

-way of immature thinking -sobra pasakit ng mundo sa kanya -u think no one experiences things like u

Imaginary audience

-feeling mo may umaaway sayo pero wala naman

Childhood

-growing in height and weight -children at play

John watson

-phobia raw

Gross motor skills

-big muscles -through physical activities

Fine motor skills

-kamay

Discontinuity principle

-changes are sudden and distinct

Continuity principle

-gradual/continuous -growth spurt

Chronosystem

-time

Brofenbrenner’s ecological theory

the microsystemmesosystemexosystemmacrosystemchronosystem

Microsystem

the innermost level, consisting of an individual's immediate environment. This includes people they interact with daily, such as family members, friends, classmates, and teachers.

The Mesosystem

the next level of the model, comprised of all the relationships and interactions between the microsystems.

Examples of mesosystems

the interactions between their family and school or between their friends and family.

The Exosystem

refers to environments in which the individual is not an active participant but still impacts development. This level encompasses the social context in which a person lives and other aspects of the environment, including: Government policiesSocial servicesCommunity resourcesMass media

Macrosystem

involves the broader society and cultural forces that contribute to individual development. Essential components of this level of Bronfenbrenner's theory include: ValuesSocial normsCustomsTraditionsIdeologyCultural beliefs

The Chronosystem

the outermost level of the model, accounting for the role that time plays in influencing individual development. This includes: Personal experiences throughout lifeVarious life transitionsHistorical eventsSocietal changes

examples of microsystem

Home life Parents School Friends Siblings Neighborhood Childcare Religion

examples of mesosystem

Interaction between kids, teachers, and parents Interaction between friends and siblings Interaction between neighborhood and family Interaction between daycare and family

examples of exosystem

Extended family members Mass media Social services Local government Parents' workplace Family friends

examples of macrosystem

Values Attitudes Laws and legal systems Customs Ideologies Political systems and policies Nationality

examples of chronosystem

Historical events Environmental changes Parents employment status Societal economic changes Changes in family structure

Broca's area

is associated with speech production and articulation. Our ability to articulate ideas, as well as use words accurately in spoken and written language, has been attributed to this crucial area.

Wernicke's area

is the region of the brain that is important for language development. It is located in the temporal lobe on the left side of the brain and it plays a part in speech comprehension.

Senescence

decrease in sensory abilities. the mental, emotional, and cognitive decline associated with the aging process.

Neuroplasticity

malleable ang brain

Hans J. Eysenck

developed the concept of neuroticism, arguing that it was a biological form of emotional instability. He frequently argued that much of personality is genetically determined and published several papers on the topic.

Three Dimensions of Personality

ExtraversionNeuroticism Psychoticism

Hans J. Eysenck

Three Dimensions of Personality

Extraversion

toughmindednessimpulsivenesstendency to be outgoingdesire for noveltyperformance enhanced by excitementpreference for vocations involving contact with other peopletolerance for pain

introversion

tendermindednessintrospectivenessseriousnessperformance interfered with by excitement easily aroused but restrained inhibitedpreference for solitary vocations sensitivity to pain

neuroticism

below-average emotional control, will-power and capacity to exert self slowness in thought and actionsuggestibility lack of persistence tendency to repress unpleasant facts lack of sociability below-average sensory acuity but high level of activation

psychoticism

poor concentration poor memoryinsensitivity lack of caring for otherscruelty disregard for danger and conventionoccasionally originality and/or creativityliking for unusual things considered peculiar by others

4 basic temperaments (of personality)

Phlegmatic Choleric Melancholic Sanguine

Sanguine

typically extroverted and sociable. They are chipper people who see a glass as half full instead of half empty. You will likely find them in the middle of a crowd and not at the fringes. Social interactions come easy to them, and they can be talkative and energetic.

Choleric

are dominant and assertive. People who belong to this temperament type are goal-oriented and driven. They are high achievers at work, school, or even play and are often selected as team leaders.

Phlegmatic

They are easygoing people who tend to be very empathetic when relating with others. They are dependable and patient people who find comfort in the mundane and routine.

Melancholic

thoughtful and sensitive. They can also be analytical and methodic, especially at work, making them valuable to any workplace. Conversely, they prefer to work alone and might not make the best team players. They get moody and anxious when things aren't going their way.

hippocrates

first proposed four temperaments based on fluids of the body

blood

sanguine

black bile

melancholic

yellow bile

choleric

phlegm

phlegmatic

neuroplasticity

is the brain's ability to change and adapt due to experience. It is an umbrella term referring to the brain's ability to change, reorganize, or grow neural networks.

erich fromm

believed that freedom is a core part of human nature and developed the idea of basic existential needs like relatedness and identity.

schema

is a mental framework that helps us organize and interpret the vast array of information we encounter daily.

Cephalocaudal development

describes motor development and growth that occurs from the head to the feet/tail.

Applied psychology

is the practical application of psychological principles and theories from other types of psychology to address real-world challenges.

Mary Ainsworth

created the Strange Situation assessment to understand child-mother attachment.

3 main attachment types found by mary ainsworth

secureanxious-avoidant anxious-resistant

Secure attachment

children with this attachment style seek comfort when frightened and prefer parents to strangers.

Anxious-avoidant attachment

children with this attachment style are wary of strangers, exhibit great distress when a parent leaves, but are not comforted by a parent's return.

Anxious-resistant attachment

children with this attachment style show little preference for parents over strangers and seek little comfort from their caregivers.

trepanning

the action of piercing the skull or other bone, typically for the purposes of healing or diagnosis.

what causes chemical imbalance?

lack of neurotransmitters

Albert Ellis

created Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT), which helps people change their irrational beliefs.

Jungian Archetypes

personashadowanima (female)/animus(male)self

persona

archetype is the part of ourselves that shows up in our daily interactions.

shadow

represents sexuality, primal instincts, and the darker parts of our life that we tend to avoid sharing with the world.

anima and animus

account for how gender roles show up in our lives

anima

representing how the male psyche conceptualizes the feminine

animus

representing how the female psyche conceptualizes the masculine

self

is our truest essence of being. It is who we are when we have integrated our subconscious with the conscious

primitive reflexes of babies

babinski moro (startle) rootingpalmar graspplantar grasptonic necksteppingsucking

rooting reflex

turns head toward touch and opens mouth

sucking reflex

sucks when roof of mouth is touched

moro (startle) reflex

arms extend then flex inward

palmar grasp reflex

grasps tightly when palm is touched

plantar grasp reflex

toes curl on touch

babinski reflex

toes fan when sole is stroked

tonic neck reflex

arm/leg on face side extend, opposide side flex

stepping reflex

alternating stepping motions

sensorimotor age

Birth to 18-24 months

sensorimotor thinking

Object permanence

Preoperational age

2 to 7 years

Preoperational Thinking

Symbolic thought

Concrete operational Age

7 to 11 years