Psychology 101: Intro to Psychology Ch 7. Motivation & Emotion Theories in Psychology

emotion

an affective state often accompanied by specific physiological characteristics, with the power to impact thoughts and behaviors

emotional intelligence

the abilities to recognize and manage emotions

If you had sustained damage to your amygdala, which of the following situations would you have trouble experiencing?

1. Appropriate fear if you were to run across a bear

2. Appropriate guilt from robbing a bank

3. Appropriate grief for the death of a loved one

4. Appropriate pain when you stub your toe

Appropriate fear if you were to run across a bear

Emotions can help us with _____ communication.

1. written

2. long-distance

3. non-verbal

4. spoken

non-verbal

An emotion is defined as _____.

1. a reaction to a stimulus

2. an affective state

3. a signal from heart to brain

4. anything you feel

an affective state

What conclusion might we take away from case studies like that of Phineas Gage?

1. Our experience of emotion plays an important part in how we and others see ourselves as individuals.

2. Our experience of emotion primarily exists for biological survival and procreation.

3. Our experience of emotion plays a part in whether or not we remember events accurately.

4. Our experience of emotion is completely controlled by our own individual will and choices.

Our experience of emotion plays an important part in how we and others see ourselves as individuals.

Which of the following is the BEST explanation for why Phineas Gage behaved so differently after his accident?

1. His accident did damage to his brain stem, affecting Phineas' ability to process complex information.

2. His accident did damage to his frontal lobe, affecting Phineas' personality.

3. His accident did damage to his parietal lobe, affecting Phineas' memory and reasoning.

4. His accident did damage to his amygdala, affecting Phineas' experience of fear.

His accident did damage to his frontal lobe, affecting Phineas' personality.

Fore

tribes of people who had no contact with people from the outside world before Ekman showed up 

six basic emotions

• anger

• disgust

• fear

• happiness

• sadness

• surprise

emotion processing speeds

different emotions take different pathways through the brain and through the body

limbic system

involves the amygdala, the hypothalamus, and the thalamus

frontal lobe

this is the part of your brain that is also doing all of your thinking

Which of these emotions found in Robert Plutchik's list is missing from Ekman's original list?

1. trust

2. sadness

3. anger

4. fear

trust

According to Robert Plutchik, what is the difference between fundamental and non-fundamental emotions?

1. Fear is the only fundamental emotion since it's necessary for survival; all other emotions are non-fundamental.

2. Fundamental emotions are complex emotions, while non-fundamental emotions are basic emotions.

3. Resentment is the only non-fundamental emotion and fundamental emotions are culturally learned.

4. Fundamental emotions are those that evolved to increase evolutionary fitness.

Fundamental emotions are those that evolved to increase evolutionary fitness.

The brain processes emotions _____.

1. faster in the limbic system and slower in the frontal lobes

2. slower in the limbic system and faster in the frontal lobes

3. at equal speeds in the limbic system and frontal lobes

4. faster in the frontal lobes and slower in the hypothalamus

faster in the limbic system and slower in the frontal lobes

Paul Ekman's experiment determined that six specific emotions were instinctive because _____.

1. an isolated culture called the Fore recognized them in pictures of foreigners

2. the Fore people used the similar words in their own language for them

3. they were completely unknown to the isolated Fore culture

4. the Fore culture celebrated these six emotions

an isolated culture called the Fore recognized them in pictures of foreigners

The biological processing of emotions does NOT involve the _____.

1. frontal lobe

2. limbic system

3. amygdala

4. cerebellum

cerebellum

William James (1824-1910)

also known as the father of functionalist psychology

Carl Lange (1834-1900)

a Danish psychologist

James-Lange theory of emotion

proposes that physiological arousal precedes the experience of emotion

Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

• proposed by Walter Cannon (1871-1945) and Philip Bard (1898-1977)

• suggests that we experience emotions at the same time as we experience physiological arousal; or, the emotion and the arousal are simultaneous

the two-factor theory of emotion

• believed that when we experience physiological arousal, we cognitively process the context in which we find ourselves before feeling the proper emotion

• proposed by Stanley Schachter (1922-97) and Jerome Singer

• called this because this theory maintains that the experience of emotion depends on two factors: physiological arousal and cognitive processing

Richard Lazarus

called the two-factor theory of emotion appraisal

misattribution of arousal

a study that determined that men who met an attractive female in a fear-arousing situation were more likely to feel attracted to her than men who met her in a situation that did not arouse fear

Facial Feedback hypothesis

proposes that the movement of facial muscles influences our emotional experiences

Charles Darwin

• the scientist who is most famous for his ideas about evolution

• recognized that projecting our emotions on our faces can intensify our experience of that emotion, and that subduing those projections can diminish the emotion

William James and Carl Lange are known for their theory stating that _____.

1. physiological arousal precedes the experience of emotion

2. physiological arousal precedes emotional instability

3. physiological and emotional arousal occur simultaneously

4. emotional instability precedes physiological arousal

5. emotion precedes the experience of physiological arousal

physiological arousal precedes the experience of emotion

Why is the two-factor theory of emotion called that?

1. In this theory, emotion depends on physiological arousal and cognitive processing.

2. In this theory, physiological arousal precedes emotion.

3. In this theory, emotion is simultaneously linked with physiological arousal.

4. This theory was developed with the input of two psychologists.

In this theory, emotion depends on physiological arousal and cognitive processing.

Which of the following is considered to present a problem with the James-Lange theory of emotion?

1. Your emotions occur immediately after a physiological arousal.

2. Physiological arousal may lead to unpleasant emotions.

3. A particular physiological arousal can be associated with many emotions.

4. Specific physiological arousals may correspond to specific emotions.

A particular physiological arousal can be associated with many emotions.

Which of the following statements regarding appraisal, the cognitive processing part of the two-factor theory of emotion, is FALSE?

1. Appraisal is always a conscious process.

2. This concept was developed by psychologist Richard Lazarus.

3. The emotional context may affect an appraisal.

4. Appraisals are sometimes inaccurate.

Appraisal is always a conscious process.

How did Cannon-Bard's theory of emotion differ from the James-Lange theory?

1. Cannon and Bard believed that emotion and physiological arousal occurred sequentially, while James and Lange thought they occurred simultaneously.

2. Cannon and Bard's theory was concerned with human emotions, while James and Lange's theory was concerned with animal emotions.

3. Cannon and Bard's theory was centered on positive emotions, while James and Lange's theory was centered on negative emotional arousal.

4. Cannon and Bard believed that emotion and physiological arousal occurred simultaneously, while James and Lange thought they happened sequentially.

5. Cannon and Bard's theory was centered on cognitive processes, while James and Lange's theory was centered on physiological processes.

Cannon and Bard believed that emotion and physiological arousal occurred simultaneously, while James and Lange thought they happened sequentially.

Michelle was frightened by a scary movie. As a result, her HPA axis responded by:

1. Slowing down her heart rate

2. Stopping her digestion

3. Hearing sharpens

4. Improving her peripheral vision

Stopping her digestion

The fight or flight response is activated by this branch of the autonomic nervous system:

1. empathic nervous system

2. aggressive nervous system

3. parasympathetic nervous system

4. sympathetic nervous system

sympathetic nervous system

Amanda is at home, relaxing and enjoying a happy movie. How is her autonomic nervous system responding to this situation?

1. By reducing her peripheral vision

2. By stopping her digestion

3. By increasing her heart rate

4. By maintaining a relaxed muscle tone

By maintaining a relaxed muscle tone

The human fight or flight response _____.

1. helps your muscles relax

2. reduces your heart rate and respiration

3. increases your awareness to help you determine how to react

4. increases your digestion for long-term survival

increases your awareness to help you determine how to react

The HPA axis includes:

1. The pineal gland

2. The cerebellum

3. The hippocampus

4. The hypothalamus

The hypothalamus

chronic

long-term

What is the correct order of stages in general adaptation syndrome?

1. exhaustion, resistance and alarm

2. panic, resistance and exhaustion

3. alarm, resistance and exhaustion

4. resistance, alarm and exhaustion

alarm, resistance and exhaustion

Stress that can be positive or beneficial is known as _____.

1. chronic stress

2. distress

3. adaptive stress

4. eustress

eustress

Stress can cause grey hair because it _____.

1. weakens the immune system

2. results in plaque buildup in the arteries

3. raises blood pressure

4. damages the cells responsible for hair color

damages the cells responsible for hair color

Kate is stressed about taking an exam. Which of these represents an unhealthy response to that stress?

1. Accepting that some things are beyond her control.

2. Ignoring the stressor.

3. Relaxing her standards.

4. Reframing the situation in a positive light.

Ignoring the stressor.

Charlie is stressed about moving to a new city. Which of these is a good coping method for this situation?

1. Avoiding his friends.

2. Modifying his standards.

3. Limiting his activities.

4. Overeating.

Modifying his standards.

instincts

unlearned actions that exist consistently throughout a species

instinct theory

motivation results from biological hard-wiring, or instincts

Eros

a life instinct

Thanatos

a death instinct

drive reduction theory

physiological needs create aroused states (drives) that motivate us to reduce the needs

homeostasis

the tendency to aim toward a constant internal state

angiotensin

triggers water and salt intake

angiotensinogen

plays a role in regulating the balance of fluid in the body

antidiuretic hormone

produced by the pituitary gland

arousal theory

helps to explain the existence of motivators that both increase and decrease our levels of tension or arousal

intrinsic motivators

come from within us

extrinsic motivators

dependent on external factors

Kevin is really stressed at work, and decides he needs a day off. When Kevin calls in sick to work the following day, which theory of motivation is he exhibiting?

1. Drive Reduction Theory

2. Instinct Theory

3. External Motivation Theory

4. Arousal Theory

Arousal Theory

A man who works late following a poor performance review is responding to a(n) _____.

1. extrinsic motivator

2. instinct

3. arousal

4. intrinsic motivator

extrinsic motivator

Our bodies making us thirsty when our water levels are low is an example of _____ Theory.

1. Instinct

2. Drive Reduction

3. Homeostasis

4. Arousal

Drive Reduction

What is the motivating factor according to Instinct Theory?

1. Our desire to maintain homeostasis.

2. An external factor.

3. Our biological hard-wiring.

4. The effort to lower our physiological needs.

Our biological hard-wiring.

According to Sigmund Freud, _____.

1. Thanatos is a hunger instinct, and Eros is a love instinct

2. Eros is a hunger instinct, and Thanatos is a life instinct

3. Thanatos is a life instinct, and Eros is a love instinct

4. Eros is a life instinct, and Thanatos is a death instinct

Eros is a life instinct, and Thanatos is a death instinct

Which of the following regulates our sense of hunger?

1. The thalamus

2. The cerebellum

3. The hypothalamus

4. The hippocampus

The hypothalamus

What is the purpose of insulin?

1. It's a hormone that controls blood pressure.

2. It's part of the brain that signals hunger.

3. It's a hormone that regulates heartbeat.

4. It's a hormone that regulates blood sugar.

It's a hormone that regulates blood sugar.

Which of the following describes the reaction of people with memory loss when prompted to eat lunch multiple times?

1. They ate again because they were getting free lunches.

2. They refused to eat because they weren't sure if they had eaten recently.

3. They ate again because they were still hungry.

4. They ate again even if they weren't very hungry because it was lunchtime.

They ate again even if they weren't very hungry because it was lunchtime.

Why do people have different caloric needs?

1. The hormone ghrelin is secreted at different times in the eating process.

2. People with anorexia eat more.

3. Different cultures cause individuals to require different caloric intakes.

4. The Basal Metabolic Rate is different for each individual.

The Basal Metabolic Rate is different for each individual.

People with eating disorders, such as anorexia, have _____ as their cause.

1. ghrelin

2. disproportionate eating

3. hormones

4. psychological factors

psychological factors

Abraham Maslow

the hierarchy of needs

physiological needs

the most basic needs that are vital to survival

safety needs

needs for safety and security

social needs

loving and belonging needs

esteem needs

self-esteem, personal worth, social recognition, and accomplishment

self-actualization needs

realize and use his or her full potential, capacities, and talents

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, when all of the physiological needs are met, people tend to become concerned with which of the following?

1. Self-actualization needs

2. Esteem needs

3. Physiological needs

4. Social (love/belonging) needs

5. Safety needs

Safety needs

What is the first and most important need highlighted in Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?

1. Self-actualization needs

2. Esteem needs

3. Social (love/belonging) needs

4. Safety needs

5. Physiological needs

Physiological needs

The order of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, from bottom to top is:

1. Safety, Esteem, Social, Self-Actualization, Physiological

2. Physiological, Safety, Social, Esteem, Self-Actualization

3. Physiological, Esteem, Social, Safety, Self-Actualization

4. Self-Actualization, Esteem, Social, Safety, Physiological

5. Physiological, Safety, Esteem, Social, Self-Actualization

Physiological, Safety, Social, Esteem, Self-Actualization

Which of the following would NOT address safety needs in the classroom?

1. Limits/rules

2. Hall monitors

3. Colorfully decorated classroom

4. Structure and daily routines

Colorfully decorated classroom

Madeline always feels like she is never included in group activities or social events. She has become depressed and lonely. According to Maslow, which category of needs has not been fulfilled?

1. Esteem needs

2. Physiological needs

3. Self-actualization needs

4. Safety needs

5. Social (love/belonging) needs

Social (love/belonging) needs