Chromosomal Basis of Genetics

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33 Terms

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Drosophila melanogaster

T.H. Morgans’s experimental Organism (4 pairs of chromosomes, many offspring, Generation every 2 weeks, Cheap)

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Linked Genes

There are multiple genes per chromosome, genes located on the same chromosome will tend to be inherited together

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Sex-linked gene

Genes that are linked on the sex chromosomes

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Genetic recombination

crossing over of chromosomes that result in offspring with new combinations of traits than either parents

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Parental types

F1 or F2 offspring with the same combination of traits as parents/ P generation

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Recombinants

offspring with new combinations of traits than parents

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Genetic Map units

the unit used to determine distance of genes; one map unit apart means that the genes have a 1% recombinant frequency

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Sex determinant

the chromosome that determines the sex of the offspring

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Hymenoptera

group of animals with no sex chromosomes

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sex determinant carried in sperm

Mammals and many other groups

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sex determinant carried in the ovum

birds and some fish

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Duchenne muscular dystrophy

the protein dystrophin is largely absent, leads to degeneration of muscles, 1 in 3500 males in the US — X-linked disorder

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Hemophila

one or more proteins needed for blood clotting are missing — X-linked disorder

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Barr-body

one of the x chromosomes condenses into a compact object

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X inactivation

One X chromosome condenses into a Barr-body, random and independent in the developing embryo

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Aneuploidy

offspring with abnormal chromosome number

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Trisomy

offspring with an one extra chromosome

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Monosomy

offspring with one less chromosome than normal

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Down Syndrome

Trisomy 21, 1 per 700 births in the US

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Kleinfelter Syndrome

XXY or XXXXY, one per 2000 live births, present male but are sterile with female body characteristics, extra Xs are inactivated with some small parts still in effect

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Turner syndrome

Monosomy X, only viable monosomy in humans, 1 in 5000 live births, female but sterile, small in stature, very wide necks

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Polyploidy

more than on complete set of chromosomes

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Triploidy

3n - one extra full set of chromosomes

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Tetraploidy

4n - two extra full sets of chromosome

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Tymanoctomys barrerae

the only known tetraploid mammal

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Deletion

removes a segment of a chromosome

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Duplication

repeats a segment of a chromosome

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Inversion

reverses a segment within a chromosome

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Translocation

moves a segment from one chromosome to another, non-homologous one

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Cri du Chat

specific deletion of chromosome 5, severe mental retardation, early death

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Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML)

cancer of cells which produce WBCs, reciprocal translocation of Chr22 and Chr9, “philadelphia chromosome'“

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Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)

small loop of double-stranded DNA with many genes which influence metabolic function; follows rules for maternal inheritance

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Genetic imprinting

certain traits in mammals depend on whether they inherited the allele from the male or the female