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Drosophila melanogaster
T.H. Morgans’s experimental Organism (4 pairs of chromosomes, many offspring, Generation every 2 weeks, Cheap)
Linked Genes
There are multiple genes per chromosome, genes located on the same chromosome will tend to be inherited together
Sex-linked gene
Genes that are linked on the sex chromosomes
Genetic recombination
crossing over of chromosomes that result in offspring with new combinations of traits than either parents
Parental types
F1 or F2 offspring with the same combination of traits as parents/ P generation
Recombinants
offspring with new combinations of traits than parents
Genetic Map units
the unit used to determine distance of genes; one map unit apart means that the genes have a 1% recombinant frequency
Sex determinant
the chromosome that determines the sex of the offspring
Hymenoptera
group of animals with no sex chromosomes
sex determinant carried in sperm
Mammals and many other groups
sex determinant carried in the ovum
birds and some fish
Duchenne muscular dystrophy
the protein dystrophin is largely absent, leads to degeneration of muscles, 1 in 3500 males in the US — X-linked disorder
Hemophila
one or more proteins needed for blood clotting are missing — X-linked disorder
Barr-body
one of the x chromosomes condenses into a compact object
X inactivation
One X chromosome condenses into a Barr-body, random and independent in the developing embryo
Aneuploidy
offspring with abnormal chromosome number
Trisomy
offspring with an one extra chromosome
Monosomy
offspring with one less chromosome than normal
Down Syndrome
Trisomy 21, 1 per 700 births in the US
Kleinfelter Syndrome
XXY or XXXXY, one per 2000 live births, present male but are sterile with female body characteristics, extra Xs are inactivated with some small parts still in effect
Turner syndrome
Monosomy X, only viable monosomy in humans, 1 in 5000 live births, female but sterile, small in stature, very wide necks
Polyploidy
more than on complete set of chromosomes
Triploidy
3n - one extra full set of chromosomes
Tetraploidy
4n - two extra full sets of chromosome
Tymanoctomys barrerae
the only known tetraploid mammal
Deletion
removes a segment of a chromosome
Duplication
repeats a segment of a chromosome
Inversion
reverses a segment within a chromosome
Translocation
moves a segment from one chromosome to another, non-homologous one
Cri du Chat
specific deletion of chromosome 5, severe mental retardation, early death
Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML)
cancer of cells which produce WBCs, reciprocal translocation of Chr22 and Chr9, “philadelphia chromosome'“
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)
small loop of double-stranded DNA with many genes which influence metabolic function; follows rules for maternal inheritance
Genetic imprinting
certain traits in mammals depend on whether they inherited the allele from the male or the female