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Deviation in a frontal plan, can occur at the joint or growth plate
Angular
Deviation in a sagittal plane, contracture or laxity
Flexural deformity
When does skeletal ossification occur?
300 days
When does carpal and tarsal bones ossification occur?
The last 2-3 months of gestation
What causes perinatal factors?
Premature birth
Placentitis
Laxity of soft tissue structures
What bones are incomplete ossification of cubdoidal bones (perinatal) bones occur?
Crushing of incomplete cuboidal bones, carpus, hock
Incomplete ossification
treatment of incomplete ossification
exercise restriction (mild→ round pen/12 hrs per day, more→ Large stall confinement)
Exercise restriction of severe incomplete ossification
Cast/splints to transfere weight bearing from the carpus/tarsus
Possible complications of incomplete ossification?
Tarsal crush or fracture
Devitation of limb on the frontal plant
Angular limb deformity (AFD)
How do you diagnose ALD?
Static evaluation
Dynamic evaluation
Palpation
Rads
Lateral deviation of the limb distal to the point of origin
Valgus
Medial deviation of limb distal to the point of origin
Varus
Toe aligned in the same direction as the other joints, entire limb is rotated outward.
Rotational ALD
How do you evaluate rotational ALD?
Must evaluate by aligning yourself with the foal’s foot
Windswept
Mild rads ALD
5 degrees
Moderate rad ALD
10 degrees
Severe rad ALD
>15 degrees
What are the most common locations of ALD?
Joint, metaphysis, epiphysis
True or false, most foals are born with the front legs rotated out. This changes in a couple of days.
True
When does the fetlock grow and close?
Grow: 0-2 months
Close: 6 months
When does the carpus grow and close?
Grow: 0-6 months
Close: 22-36 months
When does the hock growth and close?
Grow: 0-4 months
Closure: 17-24 months
What foot should you trim for valgus?
Lower lateral aspect of hoof
What part of the foot do you trim with varus?
Lower medial aspect of hoof
Where should you apply acrylic for valgus?
Medial
Where should you apply acrylic for varus?
Lateral
What are the benefits of periosteal strip?
Encourages growth and no over correction
What joints are commonly corrected for periosteal strip?
Fetlock and carpus
What are uncommon joints for periosteal strip to be performed for?
Tarsus
Slows the growth of the faster growing side of the growth plate. 4.5 mm cortical bone screw w/figure-eight wire.
Transphyseal briding
Can the transphyseal bridging implants stay in forever?
No must be removed after correction
How can you surgically retard the growht?
Single transphyseal screw
Which joint has the best prognosis?
Carpus (80-85%)
What type of deviation is associated with angular limb deformities?
a) Deviation in the sagittal plane.
b) Deviation in the frontal plane.
c) Contracture.
d) Laxity
b) Deviation in the frontal plane.
Incomplete ossification primarily affects which bones in foals?
a) Long bones
b) Cuboidal bones of the carpus and hock
c) Skull bones
d) Ribs
b) Cuboidal bones of the carpus and hock
Which of the following is a potential cause of angular limb deformities in foals?
a) Excessive exercise
b) Premature birth
c) High-protein diet
d) Viral infection
b) Premature birth
What is a valgus deformity?
a) Medial deviation of the limb distal to the point of origin.
b) Lateral deviation of the limb distal to the point of origin.
c) Rotational deviation of the limb.
d) Deviation in the sagittal plane.
b) Lateral deviation of the limb distal to the point of origin.
At what point of gestation do bones become visible on a radiograph?
a) 150 days
b) 200 days
c) 300 days
d) 330 days
c) 300 days
What is the recommended treatment for mild immaturity in foals with incomplete ossification?
a) Strict stall confinement
b) Exercise restriction with round pen or small paddock for 12 hours/day
c) Application of full limb casts
d) Surgical correction
b) Exercise restriction with round pen or small paddock for 12 hours/day
When evaluating angular limb deformity, with what should you align yourself?
a) The foal's head
b) The foal's foot
c) The foal's carpus
d) The foal's point of origin of deviation
b) The foal's foot
What is the success rate for correcting carpal angular limb deformities7?
a) 27%
b) 50%
c) 80-85%
d) 95%
c) 80-85%
What is the closure time for the distal metacarpus/tarsus growth plate5?
a) 0-2 months
b) 0-4 months
c) 0-6 months
d) 22-36 months
a) 0-2 months
What is the purpose of a periosteal strip in the surgical treatment of angular limb deformities?
a) To slow growth
b) To encourage growth
c) To fuse the joint
d) To stabilize the bone
b) To encourage growth