Lecture 6: Angular limb deformities

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46 Terms

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Deviation in a frontal plan, can occur at the joint or growth plate

Angular

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Deviation in a sagittal plane, contracture or laxity

Flexural deformity

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When does skeletal ossification occur?

300 days

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When does carpal and tarsal bones ossification occur?

The last 2-3 months of gestation

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What causes perinatal factors?

  • Premature birth

  • Placentitis

    • Laxity of soft tissue structures

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What bones are incomplete ossification of cubdoidal bones (perinatal) bones occur?

Crushing of incomplete cuboidal bones, carpus, hock

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Incomplete ossification

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treatment of incomplete ossification

exercise restriction (mild→ round pen/12 hrs per day, more→ Large stall confinement)

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Exercise restriction of severe incomplete ossification

Cast/splints to transfere weight bearing from the carpus/tarsus

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Possible complications of incomplete ossification?

Tarsal crush or fracture

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Devitation of limb on the frontal plant

Angular limb deformity (AFD)

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How do you diagnose ALD?

  • Static evaluation

  • Dynamic evaluation

  • Palpation

    • Rads

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Lateral deviation of the limb distal to the point of origin

Valgus

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Medial deviation of limb distal to the point of origin

Varus

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Toe aligned in the same direction as the other joints, entire limb is rotated outward.

Rotational ALD

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How do you evaluate rotational ALD?

Must evaluate by aligning yourself with the foal’s foot

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term image

Windswept

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Mild rads ALD

5 degrees

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Moderate rad ALD

10 degrees

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Severe rad ALD

>15 degrees

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What are the most common locations of ALD?

Joint, metaphysis, epiphysis

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True or false, most foals are born with the front legs rotated out. This changes in a couple of days.

True

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When does the fetlock grow and close?

Grow: 0-2 months

Close: 6 months

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When does the carpus grow and close?

Grow: 0-6 months

Close: 22-36 months

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When does the hock growth and close?

Grow: 0-4 months

Closure: 17-24 months

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What foot should you trim for valgus?

Lower lateral aspect of hoof

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What part of the foot do you trim with varus?

Lower medial aspect of hoof

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Where should you apply acrylic for valgus?

Medial

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Where should you apply acrylic for varus?

Lateral

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What are the benefits of periosteal strip?

Encourages growth and no over correction

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What joints are commonly corrected for periosteal strip?

Fetlock and carpus

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What are uncommon joints for periosteal strip to be performed for?

Tarsus

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Slows the growth of the faster growing side of the growth plate. 4.5 mm cortical bone screw w/figure-eight wire.

Transphyseal briding

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Can the transphyseal bridging implants stay in forever?

No must be removed after correction

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How can you surgically retard the growht?

Single transphyseal screw

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Which joint has the best prognosis?

Carpus (80-85%)

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What type of deviation is associated with angular limb deformities?

a) Deviation in the sagittal plane.

b) Deviation in the frontal plane.

c) Contracture.

d) Laxity

b) Deviation in the frontal plane.

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Incomplete ossification primarily affects which bones in foals?

a) Long bones

b) Cuboidal bones of the carpus and hock

c) Skull bones

d) Ribs

b) Cuboidal bones of the carpus and hock

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Which of the following is a potential cause of angular limb deformities in foals?

a) Excessive exercise

b) Premature birth

c) High-protein diet

d) Viral infection

b) Premature birth

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What is a valgus deformity?

a) Medial deviation of the limb distal to the point of origin.

b) Lateral deviation of the limb distal to the point of origin.

c) Rotational deviation of the limb.

d) Deviation in the sagittal plane.

b) Lateral deviation of the limb distal to the point of origin.

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At what point of gestation do bones become visible on a radiograph?

a) 150 days

b) 200 days

c) 300 days

d) 330 days

c) 300 days

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What is the recommended treatment for mild immaturity in foals with incomplete ossification?

a) Strict stall confinement

b) Exercise restriction with round pen or small paddock for 12 hours/day

c) Application of full limb casts

d) Surgical correction

b) Exercise restriction with round pen or small paddock for 12 hours/day

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When evaluating angular limb deformity, with what should you align yourself?

a) The foal's head

b) The foal's foot

c) The foal's carpus

d) The foal's point of origin of deviation

b) The foal's foot

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What is the success rate for correcting carpal angular limb deformities7?

a) 27%

b) 50%

c) 80-85%

d) 95%

c) 80-85%

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What is the closure time for the distal metacarpus/tarsus growth plate5?

a) 0-2 months

b) 0-4 months

c) 0-6 months

d) 22-36 months

a) 0-2 months

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What is the purpose of a periosteal strip in the surgical treatment of angular limb deformities?

a) To slow growth

b) To encourage growth

c) To fuse the joint

d) To stabilize the bone

b) To encourage growth