PSYCH EXAM II

extinction

conditioned response declines and disappears over trials without the unconditioned stimulus

conditioned response

behavior that does not come naturally, but is learned by the individual by pairing a neutral stimulus with potent stimulus

example of conditioned response

Pavlov’s dog experiment

unconditioned stimulus

automatic, involuntary and unleared reaction to a stimulus like salivating at the sight of food

spontaneous recovery

after a rest interval, the extinguished conditioned response reappears at almost its previous strength and then extinguishes faster the next time

why does spontaneous recovey occur

corpus callosum

allows info to be passed to left and right hemispheres- important for communication between hemispheres

left visual field goes to

right hemisphere

right visual field goes to

left hemisphere

language hemisphere

left

if i am a split brain patient and i have something shown in my right visual field will I be able to vocalize what I saw?

yes

if i am a split brain patient and i have something shown in my left vidual field will i be able to vocalize what i saw?

no

if i am a split brain patient and i was shwon something in my left visual field will I be able to correctly choose the object iwth my left hand

yes

classical conditioning- voluntary or involuntary?

voluntary

US- unconditioned stimulus

input to a reflex (food in mouth)- you dont need to learn this

UR- unconditioned response

output to a reflex- salivation for food -do not need to learn this

CS- conditioned stimulus

bell-tone- initially results in investigatory response, then habituation after conditioning, results in CR

CR (conditioned response)

response to CS; measure amplitude, probability, latency (this is learned)

measures of conditioned response: amplitude

the strength of the conditioned response (can see how much saliva is produced in the tube)

measures of conditioned response: probability

how often the conditioned response occurs (eye blinks due to a bell)

measures of conditioned response: latency period

time for CR to occur (how long till heartbeat is beating fast due to tone)

aquisition

period time of learning when pairing the CS with the US (bell with food): more reinforcement (trials) make the CR stronger

extinstion:

if you dont provide the CS with the US (bell without food), the strength of the CR deceased and goes away

due to the buildup of inhabitation- the learned idea that bell leads to no food inhibits the idea that bell leads to food

the bell with no food learning is not permanent

spontaneous recovery

after 24 hours, the CR is recovered without any further training (its spontaneous)- NOT AS STRONG AS PREVIOUS STRENGTH; extinction happens faster from now on

contiguity

time in between presenting the CS (bell) and the US (food)

optimal time interval

best time (right time) between presenting the CS and the US to get the strongest CR

stronger CS creates stronger CR example

louder bell (CS) creates more salivation (CR)

second (higher) order conditioning

first create the CR (salivation) from the CS (electric can opener) that was paired with the US (food)- first order conditioning

Now because you have the CR (salivation) to the CS (electric can opener) you can USE THAT CS (can opener) to pair with another stimulus (new CS- cabernet door squeak)

NOW after the pairing of the first order CS and the second roder CS (the new CS)= can opener with squaeaky door sound over and over now… the dog salivates to the cabinet door squeak!!!!

second order (higher order) conditioning

look at image

Generalization

similar stimuli create similar responses

discrimination

different stimuli create different responses

CS “tone” allows for prepartion of the US (shock)

rabbit received a shock (US) with a tone (CS)

heart rate now increases (UR)

NOW because it could be dangerous- the tone (CS) tells the body “WAIT, slow down your heart rate to protect itself”

so now, after learning, the tone (CS) informs the body to prepare for the shock (US) so the CS actually makes the heart rate (CR) decrease (compensation)

Thorndike’s cat puzzle box

learning is incremental/ bit by bit/ gradual

Law of Effect: response is strengthens when followed by reinforcement. (satisfying state of affairs)

response is weakened when followed by punishment (annoying state of affairs)

operant conditioning

voluntary

reinforcement operant conditioning- voluntary

reinforcement depends on response (cat has to push paddle- in order to get out of the box, which is the reinforcement

operant conditioning example

a rat presses a bar and when the light is ON the rat receives reinforcement of food, the rat presses the bar and when the light is off, the rat does NOT RECEIVE REINFORCEMENT

discriminative stimulus: light on (does not cause the response, just says when to press the bar to be reinforced

schedules of reinforcement for operant conditioning: partial reinforement effect:

continuous reinforcement: if you reinforce therat every time for the response—> does not lead to that strong of a response

partial reinforcement: if you reinforce the rat sometimes (some of the time)

schedules of reinforcement for operant conditioning: interval

reinforce a response after a period of time

fixed interval

time is fixed- when rat presses bar- every 30 seconds the rat will receive reinforcement when it presses bar- every 30 seconds the rat will receive reinforcement when it presses bar (times is reset every time); scallop design on graph

variable ratio

ratio is averaged- on average it will be every 10 responses it receives a reinfocement- this makes it unpredictable (could be 8 responses, 12 responses, 5 responses, 15 responses)

makes the rat press bar continuously because it is unpredictable- straight slope on graph

continuous reinforcement: all response receive reinforcement

shaping- operant conditioning

trying to get a subject to do ONE behavior- shaping can make the subject do a response the animal would have never done spontaneously on its own

example of shaping-operant conditioning

we want a rat to press a bar

left hemisphere

language

right hemisphere

spacial abilities

steps for answering a split brain question

1. which side of the visual field was the info presented on?

2. which hemisphere did that info go to?

3. what abilities does that hemisphere control?

extinction

conditioned response declines and disappears over trials without unconditioned stimulus

extinction due to

buildup of inhibition

spontaneous recovery

after rest interval, extinguished condition response reappears at almost previous strength and extinguishes faster next time

spontaneous recovery due to

dissipation of inhibition

pavlov’s view

conditioned stimulus- conditioned reflex

modern view

conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus association, such that conditioned stimulus provides info about unconditioned stimulus

forward pairing

conditioned stimulus is presented before the unconditioned stimulus

simultaneous pairing

conditioned stimulus comes at the same time as the unconditioned stimulus

backward pairing

conditioned stimulus comes after the unconditioned stimulus

law of effect

response is automatically strengthened when followed by reinforcement (“satisfying state of affairs”): automatically weakened when followed by punishment “annoying state of affairs”

skinner “skinner box”

many responses; little time and effort; easily recorded- RESPONSE RATE IS THE DEPENDENT VARIABLE

positive reinforcement

delivers appetitive stimulus (food, approval)

negative reinforcement

removes aversive stimulus (shock, alarm clock noise)

(pos or negative reinforcement/ punishment) increases behavior and presents stimulus

positive reinforcement

(pos or negative reinforcement/punishment) decreases behavior, presents stimulus

positive punishment

(pos or negative reinforcement/punishment) increases behavior and removes stimulus

negative reinforcement

(pos or negative reinforcement/punishment) decreases behavior and removes stimulus

negative punishment

discrimitnative stimulus

indicates under what circumstances response will be reinforced

example of discriminative stimulus

rat presses bar but only gets food when LIGHT in box is ON; eventually doesnt press unless light is ON

stimulus does not CAUSE response, or SIGNAL reinforcement, it ____ for response

sets occasion

how does something get to be a conditioned reinforcement?

through CLASSICAL conditioning

partial reinforcement effect

reinforcing ONLY SOME TRIALS produces even STRONGER response than reinforcing ALL TRIALS

interval schedule

reinforce next response after some time interval

fixed interval

time is fixed; rat gets food pellet for next bar press, say, 30 seconds after last pellet (checking mail, delivered daily)

varia ble interval

time is average; rat gets food pellet for next bar press 20, 40, 25, 35 seconds after last pellet- 30 seconds on average

ratio schedule

reinforcement after some number of responses

fixed ratio

ratio is fixed; rat gets food pellet for every 10th bar press (factory piecework)

“variable ratio”

average; rat gets food pellet after 8, 12, 5 ,15 responses- 10th response on average

behaviorist view

response is learned automatically due to reinforcement- we know response is learned when rat performs it

cognitive view says

“cognitive map” of maze is learned (even without reinforcement)- used later when animal has purpose or motivation

short term memory=

working memory

human memory: stage theory:

long term and short term memory

duration: long term memory

relatively permanent

short term memory: duration

seconds to minutes

storage capacity long term memory-

infinite

short term memory storage capcity

7±2 “chunks” organized packets of information

flow of information in memory

stimulus → STm → rehersal *→ Long term memory

two kinds of rehersal

maintenance- holds info in STM

elaborative- moves info to LTM

primacy effect in free recall

early part of list recalled better than middle: recalled from LTM

recency effect

last part of list recalled better than middle: recalled from short term memory

delay between 20th word and recall

reduce recency

present words faster

reduce primacy

short term phonological- based on

speech sounds: confuse “boat” with “coat”

long term memory: semantic

based on meaning: confuse boat with ship

neural code short term memory

dynamic- pattern of activity among a group of cells

neural code long term memory

pattern of connections within a group of cells

amnesia

interruption of consolidation process; retrograde anmesia for events BEFORE trauma; anterograde amnesia for events AFTER trauma

forgetting in short term memory

STM: Displacement and or decay

forgetting in short term memory

LTM: MISplacement and or retrieval failure

• proactive interference: old affects new

• retroactive interference: new info affects old

STM not just storage box- more like

“cognitive workbench”

used in all processing of information: mental calcuation, reading, (16 × 31=?)

working memory

describes the idea that the unconditioned stimulus and conditioned stimulus should be presented within a close time interval for acquisition to occur

contiguity

after being conditioned to salivate at the sound of a metorone, pavlov’s dogs were shown a black square before the metronome sound was played- what is the black square considered?

second order stimulus

food is presented and then a metronome sounds- would conditioning occur?

no, because unconditioned stimulus is followed by conditioned stimulus