Skeletal System Pathologic Conditions + fractures

acromegaly

Endocrine disorder that causes bones to become thick and coarse

Harder to penetrate

ankylosing spondylitis

inflammatory disease of the spine and adjacent structures that causes severe pain and fusion of the joints involved

bony cyst

fluid filled sacs in fibrous tissue

easier to penetrate

bursitis

inflammation of the bursa, causes severe pain

harder to penetrate if calcium is deposited

callus

new bony deposit surrounding healing fractures

harder to penetrate

clubfoot (talipes)

congenital malformation of the foot that causes the foot to turn to the ankle

congenital hip anomaly

caused by malformation of the acetabulum in which the femoral head displaces superiorly and posteriorly

disk herniation

profusion of an intervetral disk

Ewing sarcoma

malignant, destructive tumor of bone marrow

easier to penetrate

fractures

disruption of bone tissue

complete fracture

discontinuity between two or more fragments

incomplete fracture

partial discontinuity, portion of the c

closed fracture

overlying skin is intact

compound fracture

overlying skin is broken, bony fragments

transverse fracture

runs at right angle to the long axis of the bone

oblique fracture

runs approximately a 45 degree angle to the long axis of the bone

spinal fracture

encircles the shaft of the bone

avulsion fracture

small fragments of bone torn off bony prominences

comminuted fracture

produces more than two fragments

compression fracture

causes compaction of the bone, resulting in decreased length or width

stress fracture

results from repeated stress placed on the bone

pathologic fracture

occurs as a result of bone disease

greenstick fracture

incomplete fracture with cortex intact on opposite side of the bone from the fracture

bowing fracture

occurs when stress applied to the bone causes the bone to bow but not fracture completely

undisplaced fracture

lack of angulation or separation of fractured bone

displacement

separation of bone fragments

angulation

deformity of the axes of major fragments of bone

dislocation

displacement of a bone from its normal site of articulation

subluxation

partial loss of continuity in a joint

fracture healing

characterized radiographically by calcium deposits across the fracture line that unite the fracture fragments

battered child syndrome

multiple fractures at various stages of healing located in the long bones and the skull

*also characterized by fractures at unusual sites (ribs, scapula, sternum, spine and clavicles)

colles fracture

transverse fracture through distal radius with posterior angulation and overriding of the distal fracture fragment

boxer fracture

transverse fracture of the neck of the fifth metacarpal with palmar angulation of the distal fragment

elbow fracture

dislocation of the elbow fat pads (appropriate exposure)

pott fracture

fracture of medial and lateral malleoli of the ankle with ankle joint dislocation

bimalleolar fracture

fracture of both medial and lateral malleoli

trimalleolar fracture

fracture of the posterior portion of the tibia and medial and lateral malleoli

jefferson fracture

comminuted fracture of the ring of the atlas, involving both anterior and posterior arches and causing displacement of the fragments

hangman fracture

caused by acute hyperextension of the head of the neck, fracture of the arch of C2 and anterior subluxation of C2 onto C3 (motor vehicle accidents)

seat belt fracture

transverse fracture of the lumbar vertebrae in addition to the substantial abdominal injuries

hydrocephalus

abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain

harder to penetrate

giant cell myeloma

benign or malignant tumor arising on bone with a large bubble appearance

easier to penetrate

gout

metabolic disorder in which rate crystals are deposited in the joints, most commonly the great toe, and cause extreme swelling

harder to penetrate

multiple myeloma

malignancy of plasma cell resulting in destruction of bone, failure of bone marrow, and impairment of renal function

easier to penetrate

osteoarthritis

form of arthritis characterized by degeneration of one of several joints

easier to penetrate

osteoblastic metastases

dense, sclerotic tumors in bone

harder to penetrate

osteochndroma

benign projection of the bone in the young

harder to penetrate

osteogenic sarcoma

destructive cancer at the end of long bones

harder to penetrate (except for sclerotic area)

osteoma

benign, small, round tumor

harder to penetrate

osteogensis imperfecta

inherited condition causing poor development of connective tissue and brittle, easily fractured bones

easier to penetrate

osteomyelitis

bacterial infection of bone and bone marrow

easier to penetrate

osteolytic metastates

arise in medullary canal to destroy bone

easier to penetrate

osteomalacia

abnormal so denting of the bone

easier to penetrate

osteopetrosis

inherited condition causing decreased bone density

easier to penetrate

osteoporosis

abnormal demineralization of the bone

easier to penetrate

paget disease (osteitis deformans)

nonmetallic bone disease causing bone destruction and unorganized bone repair

*difficult to image properly because some areas that are easier to penetrate are adjacent (next to) to structures that are harder to penetrate

rheumatoid arhtitis

destructive collagen disease with inflammation and joint swelling

harder to penetrate

rickets

soft, pliable bones resulting from deficiency of vitamin D and sunlight

easier to penetrate

scoliosis

abnormal lateral curvature of the spine

spina bifida

defect of posterior aspect of the spinal canal caused by failure of the vertebral arch to form properly

spondylosis

defect in par articulates, which is between the superior and inferior articular process of vertebrae

no displacement present

spondyliothesis

spondylolysis with displacement