Untitled Flashcards Set

Poverty surrounded by wealth causes __________.

crime

The Omnibus was the first attempt to fix the _____________ by prohibiting interstate sales of handguns and any gun sales to individuals younger than 21

increased crime rate

Women are less likely to be victims of _____________.

street crime

Boys are more likely to get __________.

molested

According to the theory of 'like victimizes like', ____________ are more likely to be victims of street crime.

Black men

The __________ are the least likely to be victimized.

elderly

You can use deadly force against someone who is a __________ to life.

threat

A Brady violation relates to __________ evidence and when a prosecutor fails to provide helpful evidence to a defendant's case

unlawfully obtained

Durkheim stated that crime is present in __________.

all societies

Women are treated more __________ in the criminal justice system.

harshly

Crime is defined as a form of conduct that society __________ in order to maintain order.

prohibits

Felonies are punishable by more than __________ of imprisonment.

a year

Misdemeanors are less serious crimes, punishable by __________ or less.

imprisonment for one year

Prohibition aimed to keep Irish and Italian __________ down.

immigrants

Under law, every criminal act must have factors that must be proven without __________.

reasonable doubt

The __________ is the act in criminal law.

actus reus

__________ is the guilty mind, or mental state in a crime. (the intention or knowledge of wrongdoing)

Mens rea

The term __________ refers to a person's intention or deliberateness in committing a crime.

intentional

Reckless behavior means should have known that __________ was likely.

harm

Negligent means could have known that harm could __________.

happen

Harm can be __________ or emotional.

psychological

Concurrence refers to the fusion of the act and the __________.

mens rea

Causation involves the fusion of the act and the __________.

harm

A burglary is a crime against __________.

property

A robbery is a crime against a __________.

person

Capital murder is the highest degree of murder, making one eligible for the __________.

death penalty

Felony murder involves killing someone in the process of another __________, when murder wasnt intentional.

felony

Aggravated murder may accompany another felony or show an especially __________ capacity to the crime.

brutal

Objective reasonableness refers to assessing the __________ of the circumstances.

totality

Motive is not an __________ of the crime.

element

Punishment does not effectively __________ crime.

deter

Due process is guaranteed by the __________ amendment.

5th

Every federal case is preceded by a __________ jury.

grand

A grand jury issues a __________ bill if they find probable cause.

true

Probable cause means more likely than __________ that a fact exists.

not

The 14th Amendment is one of three __________ amendments.

reconstruction

Deviance characteristics are defined by __________.

society

Unlawfully collected evidence, according to Mapp v. Ohio, cannot be used in __________.

criminal court

Inevitability of discovery means you would have found the evidence __________ anyway.

regardless

In Edwards v. Arizona, the bright line rule requires all questioning to stop once you invoke your __________.

right

Public safety exceptions allow evidence admission when risk to the public outweighs the __________ of the crime.

seriousness

US v. Lion established the __________ exception for when an officer is working in bad faith.

good faith

Open fields refer to areas lacking an expectation of __________ as per US v. Hester.

privacy

Curtilage means areas appended to the __________.

house

Once you abandon something, there is no expectation of __________.

privacy

Warrantless searches have exceptions carved out of the __________ amendment.

4th

Field interrogation, or __________ stop, briefly detains individuals without probable cause.

Terry

Incident to arrest allows searching clothing for weapons before taking someone into __________.

custody

In plain view searches, the officer must be in a lawful position and evidence must have __________ value.

evidentiary

Consent for a search must be __________ and given by a competent person.

voluntary

Implied consent allows searches with less expectation of privacy, for example in an __________.

airport

Mala in se describes acts that are inherently __________.

evil

Mala prohibita acts are considered undesirable but not __________ evil.

inherently

Victimless crimes involve __________ acts between offender and victim.

consensual

Political offenses are viewed as a threat to __________.

government

Treason is defined as betraying one's __________.

country

Espionage can involve regular citizens in positions of __________.

trust

Bribery is the most common political offense and does not have to be __________.

financial

The more laws there are, the more __________ you may have.

crime

There is a 'love-hate' relationship with __________ in relation to crime.

narcotics

The two schools of thought on crime are Classical (Beccaria and Bentham) and __________.

Positivism

Classical theorists believe in free will and that punishments should be designed to __________.

deter

Beccaria argued that proportionality is the only punishment that is __________ acceptable.

morally

Freda Adler's gender-based explanation suggests increased freedom for women leads to increased female __________.

criminality

African American women with children are more likely to live below the __________ line.

poverty

Female crime measurement issues arise due to investigator bias and __________ judgment.

judgmental

The US has the highest rates of __________ in the world.

gun violence

The Brady Bill attempted to restrict the types of __________ individuals could have at home.

guns

African Americans often favor stricter __________ than white individuals.

gun control measures

Alcohol and drugs show a direct correlation with __________.

crime

Three types of crime are against person, __________, and public order.

property

Strong armed robbery involves taking things by force without the use of a __________.

weapon

Homicide is defined as the intentional __________ of another person.

killing

Premeditation in homicide is often considered __________ enough for higher charges.

not

Sexual assault is no longer called __________ and has strict legal definitions.

rape

Rape shield laws state that sexual history is not __________ in court.

relevant

Rape is known to be the least reported crime in the __________.

U.S.

The presumption of __________ is fundamental to the criminal justice system.

innocence

Victims may not report crimes due to familiarity with the __________.

attacker

Theories of rape suggest it is always about power and __________, never about sex.

control

Feminist theory posits an increase in violence toward women in male-dominated __________.

fields

Simple assault can be defined as an open hand __________. doesn't result in serious injury and doesn't involve a weapon

slap

Aggravated assault involves serious injury and the use of a __________.

weapon

Most assaults occur at home and involve __________.

drinking

Robbery is against a person, while burglary is against __________.

property

Arson is the intentional burning of __________.

property

National Crime Survey (NCVS) aims to gather information on crime not included in __________ reports.

uniform crime

The Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) is the most reliable measure of reported crime in the __________.

US

Index crimes refer to serious crimes like murder and __________, rape, robbery, assault, larceny, motor vehicle theft, and arson

burglary

Petty offenses are seen as type II offenses but are hard to find in uniform crime __________.

reports

Reporting characteristics reveal that not all crime is __________.

reported

Clearance rates show how often crime is solved by an __________.

arrest

Not all uniform crime reports include data on white-collar __________.

crime

NCVS attempts to contextualize crime statistics by asking about personal __________.

victimization

The dark figure of crime refers to crime that goes __________.

unreported