IB 131 Flashcards

Superior (cranial)

toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above

Inferior (caudal)

Away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below

Anterior (ventral)

toward or at the front of the body; in front of

Posterior (dorsal)

Toward or at the back of the body; behind

Medial

Toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of

Lateral

Away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of

Proximal

Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Distal

Farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Superficial (external)

Toward or at the body surface

Deep (Internal)

Away from the body surface; more internal

Sagittal

a vertical plane from anterior to posterior

Transverse

A horizontal plane that divides the body into superior and inferior parts

Coronal

A vertical plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts

Quadrants

Abdomen and pelvic regions can be subdivided into four areas

Regions

Abdomen and pelvic regions can be subdivided into nine regions

Dorsal cavity

contains brain and spinal cord

Ventral body cavity

located anteriorly and subdivided by muscular diaphragm into superior thoracic cavity and inferior abdominopelvic cavity

Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)

Right lobe of liver, gallbladder, right kidney, portions of stomach, small and large intestine

Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)

Left lobe of liver, stomach, pancreas, left kidney, spleen, portions of large intestine

Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ)

Cecum, appendix, and portions of small intestine, reproductive organs (right ovary in female and right spermatic cord in male), and right ureter

Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)

Left lone of liver, stomach, pancreas, left kidney, spleen, portions of large intestine

Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)

Most of small intestine and portions of larger intestine, left ureter, and reproductive organs

Parietal Layer

Outer layer lines walls of body cavity (permanent layers)

Visceral Layer

Covers internal organs (covers valuables)

Serous fluid

fluid that reduces friction between moving organs of walls in cavities (surface liner)

Pericardial Cavity

Surrounds the heart in the middle mediastinum.

Pleural Cavity

Surrounds the lungs within the thoracic cavity.

Peritoneal Cavity

fluid-filled potential space inside the abdomen located between the inner lining of the abdominal wall and the organs within.

Light Microscopy

illuminates tissue with a beam of light (lower magnification)

Electron Microscopy

uses beams of electrons (higher magnification)

Scanning electron microscopy

Provides three-dimensional pictures of whole, unsectioned surfaces

X-ray

visualizing bones and abnormal dense structures

Computed (axial) tomography (CT or CAT)

Takes successive X rays around a person’s full circumference “virtual section”

Positron emission tomography (PET)

forms images by detecting radioactive isotopes injected into the body

Angiography

“vessel image”

Sonography (ultrasound imaging)

high-frequency sound waves, soft tissues, fetus, abdominal organs

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

distinguishes body tissues based on relative water content, penetrate bone well