Digestion & Excretion

order of GI tract

food broken by mouth—→ esophagus—→ enters stomache (making chyme mixture)—→ flows into small intestine (marcromolecules broken down and absorbed along with water by epithelial cells ——> large intestine (any remaining water and electrolytes)

nutrients (solutes) absorbed by intestinal epithelial cells are transported into what and diffused into what? How does it cahnge osmotic (solute concentration) pressure?

Drug that

A. increase smooth msucle contractions throughout GI tract

B. decrease glucose absorption from the small intestine

C. increase activity of parasympathetic nervous system

D. decrease luminal secretion of chloride ions from intestinal epithelial cells

Answer D

some epithelial cells can secrete ions into intenstinal lumen, icnreasin osmotic pressure within the intesntine —→ increase osmotic pressure draws more water in

glomerulus

tiny ball shaped cluster of looping capillaries located inside the nephrones of the kidneys

in Kidneys basic unit (nephron, circulating blood enters the glomerulus through the __________ and exit through the ________

enter afferent ateriole

exit via efferent arteriole

the degree of vascular constriction fo these two arterioles controls the rate of blood flow into and out fo glomerulus, thereby affecting the volume of fluid filtered through the kidney per unit time known as_____

glomerular filtration rate GFR

Glomerular hydrostatic (blood) pressure contributes to blood filtration, forcing excess fluid and waste products (filtrate) across the porous endothelim and into ______. In general, proteins and cells are too large to pass through the pores.

Bowman’s space

decrease the glomerular filtration rate

Answer: D

To confirm that the glomerulus does not affect filtration of salts, scientists would have to find what discovery?

Answer C

A. production of keton bodies

B. metabolism of most drugs

C. oncotic pressure within capillaries

D. secreation of digestive proteolytic enzymes

Answer D

1,2, 3

Bladder, urethral sphicters, ureter, kidney efferent arterioles

Answer A

nephron

Bowman capsule

a cupshaped extension of renal tubule that surround glomerulus. Filtrate (glucose, ions, urea but lack blood cells and protein—which remain inc iruclation) from the bowman capsule into a long tubule.

long tubule of kidney segments

proximal tubule

loop of henle

distal tubule

collecting duct

proximal tubule

Loop of henle

distal tubule

collecting duct

Ansewr C

A. loops of henle that penetrate into hgiher region of medulla

B. collecting ducts composed of epithelial cells deficient in fuctional aquaporins

C. large numbers of Na+/K+ ATPases in the cells of proximal tubules

D. highly active transporter in the distal portions of the collecting ducts

Answer B

Collecting duct reabsorb water into the body via antidiuretics which increases insertion of aquaporins into the plasma membrane of the collecting duct epithelial cells. As a result it becomes mroe permeable to water, decreasing the volume of excreted urine and increasing its solute concentration (osmolarity)

The other options would increase water reabsorption into body, decreasing urine volume.

bile (alkaline fluid) does what? Produced and stored where?What does it contain?

facilitates fat digestion ; made in liver, stored in gallbladder; Bile contains bile acids, cholesterol, bile pigments, etc.

Answer B

(skeletal or smooth) muscle of the (external or internal) sphincter?

skeletal muscle of the external urethral sphincter

3 only

large intestine anatomy order

increase, decreased, same, increased but antibiotic will ahve a (greater, weaker, or same) effect

increased (but antibiotic will have the SAME effect)

CrCl clears (remove substances for excretion) antibiotics. In elevated kidney function, you’ll need increased amount of antibiotics to have the same effects as given normal amount for normal kidney function. It won’t have a greater effect because elevated kidney function has greater creatine clearance, making the anitbiotic less effective at lower concentrations.

Whats being show in fig 1?

MT mice exhibited decreased rates of sarcomere contractions in msucle surround small intestine

or

MT mice exhibited reduced coordination of nonstriated muscle contractions in the small intestine tract lining

MT mice exhibited reduced coordination of nonstriated muscle contractions in the small intestine tract lining

reduced or increased resulting in (an increase or decreased solid waste excretion) or (increase of decreased quanitity of reabsorbed water from the feces)

ability of cells to udnergo cytokinesis

intracellular transport of substances

Capcity fo cells to resist mechanical forces

number of cilia on cell suface

answer Capcity fo cells to resist mechanical forces

increase in juxtamedullary nephrons and a decrease in cortical nephrons compared to ancestors

Pancreas, gallbladder, Liver

Liver

Gastric juice

digesive fluid made up mainly of HCl

secreted by parietal cells (in the stomach)

The acidic solution (1-3pH) helps activate proteolytic enzymes and kill harmful bacteria

chyme

a semifluid mass made partially of digested food mxied with gastric juice which will pass in small intestine (duodenum first)

In the duodenum (small intestine first part), how is the chyme neutralized?

by bicarbonate ions secreted from pancreas via pancreatic duct and the alkaline bile released from storage of gallbladder. pH increases to about 6

Yes, because the passage states that the surgery provides a more alkaline environment in the gastric pouch. RYGB increases the pH of the gastric juice.

Pyloric sphincter

rings of muscle that divides the stomach and small intestine duodenum

Cardiac sphincter

lower esophageal ring of muscle heading into the stomach

intestinal villi

small finger like projections ound on the epithelial lining of the small intestine (increase its Surface area for nutrient absorption). Duodenum for digestion, jejunum and ileum are involved in nutrient absorption.

what would the graph look like?

Stomach cell types— secretes what—— function

G cells

Parietal cells—

Chief cells

mucous cells

G cells

secret gastrin to signal parietal cells to secrete HCl

Parietal cells

Secretes HCl (primary component of gastric jjuice to activate proteolytic enzymes and kill/denature foreign cells/proteins)

Secretes intrinsic factor to aid in absorption of vitamin B12 in ileum

Chief cells

secretes pepsinogen—> zymogen of pepsin, wich cleaves polypeptides (when activated by low pH gastric juice)

secretes gastric lipase—-hydrolysis of lipids in stomach

mucous cells

secretes mucus and bicarbonate to protect stoach walls from autodigestion

pepsinogen, trypsinogen, intrinsic factor, mucus

trypsinogen

which is secreted by pancreas

perineum, peritoneum, peritoneal cavity, pleural cavity

peritoneal cavity

parietal cell

reduce osmoregulatory capacitites in kidney transplant

It its difficult to detect SOD in urine at a dosage of 1mg/kg

or

total clearance of SOD is dependent on dosage

Total clearance of SOD is dependent on dosage

which of the cytoskeleton protein fibers?

microtubules

1. decreased altiness of medulla

2. decreased urine output

3. decreased renal water reabsorption

4. decreased blood pressure

answer (2)

1. na cl isn’t getting transported into medulla

2. nacl thats prevented from getting into medulla increases osmoic pressure and pulls water into the loop of henle increasing urine output

3. water is pulled in

4. losing water from medulla (loss of water from blood stream after)

meiosis, G2, M phase

M phase

absorb

nutrient or water?

absorb water

colon is part of the large intestine

Answer A

ELISA procedure

ileum or jejunum

ileum

1 and 4