A&P 2 Practical #3

Where does fertilization occur?

ampulla of fallopian tube

after the spermatozoa unites with the BLANK, it becomes BLANK

secondary oocyte; Ovum

the third stage of fertilization has two what?

pro-nuclei; one from mom and one from dad

blastomeres

two-cell stage

\#5 blastomeres

four-stage cells; each is still a individual blastomere

Morula

a solid ball of cells resulting from the division of a fertilized ovum, and from which a blastula is formed.

Formation of blastocyst

cells are divided into two groups:

the trophoblast is responsible for...

implantation

the embryoblast is responsible for...

forming the embryonic disc

First phase of the menstrual cycle

menstruation; the functional layer sheds; end of the luteal phase

what are the estrogen and progesterone levels in the menstruation phase?

both estrogen and progesterone levels have dropped

the second phase of the menstrual cycle?

proliferation; building up the endometrium in preparation for zygote implantation, during the follicular phase

what happens at the end of the proliferation phase of the menstrual cycle?

ovulation due to the LH surge

what is the third phase of the menstrual cycle?

secretory phase; the endometrium has a high blood supply

during the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle, levels of estrogen and progesterone are BLANK due to....

high; the corpus luteum secreting estrogen and progesterone

follicular phase of ovarian cycle

development of the follicle

what is the function of the follicle?

nourish the oocyte

luteal phase of ovarian cycle

the leftover of when the mature oocytes leave into the fallopian tube

what occurs in order for the early follicle to become a mid. follicle?

selection of the dominant follicle; negative feedback

how is the dominant follicle chosen?

if the follicle has a lot of FSH receptors (high affinity)

when the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary gland detect BLANK, they inhibit BLANK

high estrogen; FSH, LH, and GnRH

Late follicular phase and ovulation

Rising levels of estrogen cause the LH surge.

In the late follicular phase, the LH surge causes what?

a decrease in metalloproteases causing ovulation

in the Luteal phase, the BLANK secretes increased amounts of estrogen, progesterone, and inhibin. WHY?

corpus luteum; inhibit the development of other follicles due to a negative feedback system

the corpus albicans is the result of the corpus luteum being degraded, causing What?

no estrogen/ progesterone secretion; menstruation

LH surge causes

activation of metalloproteases that break apart the mature oocytes

how does the secondary oocytes get into the fallopian tube?

the fimbriae

what needs to take place in order for the fimbriae to sweep the secondary oocytes into the fallopian tube?

the break down of the layers of the follicle; theca cells and granulosa cells

theca cells secrete

androgens that will diffuse into the granulosa cells

granulosa cells use converts BLANK into BLANK

androgens; estrogen

estrogen production

the hypothalamus has GnRH that gets into the Anterior Pituitary gland which causes the release of FSH and LH. they travel to the Ovary and reach their target tissue- ovaries ( theca and granulosa cells); which will then produce estrogen

a primary oocyte is stuck in....

meiosis I (prophase I); still 2n

a primary oocytes has how many layers in the follicle?

just a single layer of granulosa cells

a secondary oocyte is ...

arrested in meiosis II (metaphase II)

the follicle of a secondary oocyte has how many layers?

a layer of granulosa cells and a layer of theca cells

when can a secondary oocyte become a mature oocytes?

when fertilization occurs, completing meiosis II creating a zygote

the mature follicle has how many layers?

it has granulosa cells, theca cells, and an antrum

During a male erection, the cavernous artery fill the BLANK causing the smooth muscles to BLANK, blocking BLANK return.

sinusoids; relax; venous

what nervous system controls the male erection?

parasympathetic; "rest and digest" or "feed and breed"

through the parasympathetic neuron, What neurotransmitter is released?

Acetylcholine (Ach.)

in order for the smooth muscle to relax, what is needed?

NO2 and the inhibition of Ca2+ entry

why do we need to inhibit Ca2+ from entering?

Ca2+ binds to troponin, which initiates the cross-bridge cycle allowing for contraction.

what is the significance of NO2?

it binds to the endothelial cell (lines blood vessels),

How does Viagra (sildenafil) work?

it targets an enzyme that degrades cGMP into 5' GMP (phosphodiesterase)

hormones secreted by anterior pituitary

* FSH
* LH
* ACTH
* TSH
* Prolactin
* GH

what is the target tissue of FSH and LH?

gonads; because of GnRH getting into the anterior pituitary through the hypophyseal portal system

site of spermatogenesis

seminiferous tubules

site of sperm maturation and storage

epididymis

LH Binds to which cells in males?

Leydig cells; synthesize testosterone

FSH binds cells in males?

Sertoli cells

how does negative feedback work in testosterone production?

when testosterone is at the optimal level, Sertoli cells secrete inhibin which inhibits GnRH

22/23 pairs of chromosomes are

autosomal chromosomes

the last pair of chromosomes are

sex chromosomes

Mitosis results in

2 diploid daughter cells with the same number and composition of chromosomes

Meiosis results in

4 haploid daughter cells

within the seminiferous tubules, the stem cells divide into...

Type A and Type B daughter cells

spermatozoa develop from..

spermatids

late spermatids have what?

they are connected by the cytoplasmic bridge

early spermatids still have the 4 haploid cells connected together they just dont have.... yet

tails

early spermatids develop from

secondary spermatocytes; completing meiosis II

going from primary to secondary spermatocytes...

a single diploid cell (1- meiosis I complete) into two haploid cells

acrosomes of sperm

Contain enzymes needed to penetrate the egg

midpeice of sperm

metabolic region containing mitochondria that produces ATP to move the tail

tail of sperm

locomotion portion with microtubules

during maturation of the sperm, the midpiece...

acquires Glut receptors, which use Glucose, Mannos, and Fructose from the accessory glands to produce ATP

accessory glands of male reproductive system

seminal vesicles, prostate, bulbourethral glands

the pathway of sperm to reach the secondary oocyte

Seminiferous Ducts (production), Rete Testes, Epididymis (maturation), vas deferens, ampulla of vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, prostatic urethra, spongey urethra, vagina, cervix, uterus, fallopian tube, secondary oocyte

glands responsible for the production of semen and function of each secretion

prostatic gland- milky, slightly acidic (part of sperm activation); Seminal gland- alkaline fluid with fructose and glucose; bulbourethral gland- provides lubrication for the glands penis during intercourse

during the male erection, blood flows through the cavernous artery and fills the BLANK with blood

sinusoids

the BLANK Nervous System sends a signal for the release of BLANK

Parasympathetic; Ach.

BLANK and BLANK are both critical to produce estrogen and testosterone

FSH and LH

BLANK binds to the Leydig cell for the synthesis of testosterone

LH

FSH binds to the Sertoli Cells for the synthesis of BLANK

ABP

during the synthesis of estrogen, LH binds to the BLANK to produce androgen that travels to the BLANK cells

theca cells; Granulosa

estrogen is synthesized when BLANK binds to the Granulosa cells

FSH

estrogen and testosterone are both derived from...

cholesterol

BLANK is a chemical messenger synthesized within endothelial cells using BLANK as it's starting material

Nitric Oxide; Arginine

NO2 initiates the male erection by targeting BLANK within the smooth muscle of the corpus cavernosum to prevent the entry of Calcium.

Guanate cyclase

Viagra targets the enzyme BLANK that prevents the degradation of BLANK, maintaining the secondary messenger system that closes calcium channels in trabecular smooth muscle.

phosphodiesterase ; cGMP

during oogenesis, the primary oocyte is a diploid cell that will become a BLANK after the completion of BLANK.

haploid; meiosis I

completion of meiosis I result in the production of \______ and the secondary oocyte

polar body

the secondary oocyte is arrested in \_____ until it is penetrated by a sperm cell that results in an \______ and \______

metaphase II; ovum; 2nd polar body

during spermatogenesis, the completion of meiosis I result in the production of \_____ secondary spermatocytes

haploid

secondary spermatocytes complete meiosis II which results in the production of \_______ early spermatids.

4 haploid

early spermatids become \_______ once they develop their tail.

late spermatids

primary follicle of ovary

two or more layers of cuboidal granulosa cells enclose the oocyte

secondary follicle of ovary

layers of granulosa cells and theca cells

mature follicle of the ovary

granulosa cells, theca cells, and an antrum

the establishment of the dominant follicle is due to \______ feedback mechanism that \______ the release of FSH.

negative; inhibits

increasing levels of estrogen during the late follicular phase results in \______ due to \________ surge that activates \________. this is the result of a \______ feedback system.

ovulation; LH; metalloproteases; positive

the ovary is anchored by.....

the ovarian ligament

Narrow part of fallopian tube near uterus

isthmus

ampulla of uterine tube

site of fertilization

- widest and longest part

infundibulum of uterine tube

between the ampulla and the fimbriae

function of urinary system

filters waste products out of the blood and removes them from the body

Wastes excreted by kidneys

ammonium and urea, creatinine, drugs

ammonium and urea are byproducts of \______

amino acid metabolism

Creatinine is a waste product of:

muscle metabolism

the urinary system regulates

nutrients/ ions, blood pH, and blood volume/pressure