Chapter 7: Microbial Nutrition, Ecology, and Growth

The acquisition of chemical substances by organisms for the building blocks of cellular components and processes is _____.

nutrition

Nutrient sources for all living organisms can be acquired from _____ and _____ compounds.

organic
inorganic

_____ molecules, which contain carbon, are nearly always the products of living organisms.

Organic

Which of the following are the two most prevalent chemical components of a cell?

nucleic acids
inorganic elements
water
protein

water
protein

Microbes that use photosynthesis to derive their energy are classified as ______, while microbes that gain energy from oxidizing chemical compounds are classified as ______.

autotrophs/phototrophs
phototrophs/chemotrophs
phototrophs/nutriotrophs

phototrophs/chemotrophs

______ is the acquisition of chemical substances by organisms for use as an energy source or as building blocks of cellular structures.

Nutrition
Metabolism
Symbiosis
Catabolism

Nutrition

Macronutrients in cells include carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and ______.

oxygen
iron
carbon dioxide
calcium
lipids

lipids

Living organisms obtain nutrients from ________ sources.

both organic and inorganic sources
inorganic sources only
organic sources only

both organic and inorganic sources

A(n) _____ microbe requires only inorganic nutrients and carbon dioxide as a sole carbon source.

autotrophic, lithoautotrophic, chemoautotroph, chemolithotroph, autolithotroph, autotroph, or chemolithoautotroph

Natural organic nutrients are usually the product of which of the following?

Fermentation
Living organisms
Water
Soil

Living organisms

What is the term that describes bacteria that are unable to synthesize all of the organic compounds needed for survival?

independent
dependent
fastidious
nonfastidious

fastidious

Which of the following is NOT true regarding the chemical composition of cells?

The majority of compounds are organic.
Water is the largest component.
The most prevalent organic compound is nucleic acids.
Cells usually obtain their nutrients as compounds, instead of pure elements.

The most prevalent organic compound is nucleic acids.

Which must acquire its chemical energy from some outside source?

Heterotroph
Autotroph

Heterotroph

What term is used to describe an essential organic compound such as a vitamin or amino acid that must be provided in the diet?

Growth factor
Macronutrient
Micronutrient

Growth factor

In addition to carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids, microbes can utilize _____ as a source of essential nutrients.

lipids or fats

Which of the following receives their energy from the sun's light to generate a sugar source for cellular respiration?

Lithotrophs
Heterotrophs
Phototrophs
Chemotrophs

Phototrophs

What term is used to describe organisms that can generate their own food from inorganic compounds?

Saprotrophs
Heterotrophs
Autotrophs

Autotrophs

The energy source for phototrophs is the _______, while the energy source for chemotrophs is ________.

chemical compounds, organic molecules
organic molecules, chemical compounds
sun, organic molecules
organic molecules, sun
sun, chemical compounds
chemical compounds, sun

sun, chemical compounds

_____ bacteria lack the ability to synthesize some necessary organic compounds and will only grow if specific nutrients are provided.

Fastidious

Which of the following terms is used to describe organisms that must acquire their energy from chemical compounds?

Autotroph
Chemotroph
Lithotroph

Chemotroph

Autotrophs are special because

they can generate sugar without any energy input.
they can use fairly "free" energy sources to make sugar.
they are all green (containing chlorophyll).
they can ignore the 1st law of thermodynamics.

they can use fairly "free" energy sources to make sugar.

A _____ factor is an essential organic compound such as a vitamin or amino acid that must be provided in the diet.

growth or co

Methanogens are ______.

chemoautotrophs
producers of carbon dioxide and hydrogen
archaea
found most commonly in aerobic environments

chemoautotrophs
archaea

A _____-troph is an organism that uses the sun's light to provide the chemical energy to produce sugar for cellular respiration.

photo, photoauto, phototroph, photoautotroph, auto, or autotroph

A _____-troph derives both energy and carbon from organic compounds.

chemoorgano, chemoorganotroph, organo, organotroph, or chemohetero

A(n) _____-troph is an organism which must obtain their energy from other organisms.

hetero, heterotroph, chemo, chemotroph, chemoheterotroph, or chemohetero

Organisms that obtain their energy from the sun are called , whereas organisms that obtain their energy from chemical compounds are called .

phototrophs
chemotrophs

Organic compounds are the carbon and energy source for heterotrophs.

true
false

true

Autotrophs can generate energy from which of the following?

Consumption of other organisms
Without any energy input
Sun light
Simple, non-living chemical reactions

Sun light
Simple, non-living chemical reactions

Which is a type of chemoautotroph that produces methane from hydrogen gas and carbon dioxide?

Photoautotroph
Methanogen
Lithotroph

Methanogen

What term is used to describe organisms which derive both energy and carbon from organic compounds?

Photoautotroph
Chemoheterotroph
Lithotroph
Chemoautotroph

Chemoheterotroph

Microorganisms that are human pathogens are best described as which of the following nutritional types?

Autotrophic
Either autotrophic or heterotrophic
Heterotrophic

Heterotrophic

Organisms that require organic compounds for their carbon and energy needs are known as:

autotrophs
phototroph
heterotrophs
lithotrophs

heterotrophs

The cell _____ is specialized to transport substances into and out of the cell.

membrane

_____ is the act of successfully adjusting to a new environment.

Adaptation, Adapt, or Adapting

Which term describes any close relationship between two organisms?

Commensalism
Parasitism
Mutualism
Symbiosis

Symbiosis

Many gardeners practice composting, where leftover vegetable peels, leaves, and other organic matter is collected and turned into a rich, fertile soil. Which best describes the type of microbes in compost?

Autotrophic
Lithotrophic
Saprophytic

Saprophytic

Which of the following is defined as a relationship between organisms where one benefits and the other is unharmed?

Symbiosis
Commensalism
Mutualism
Parasitism

Commensalism

A _____ is a complex association of microorganisms in which the members are bound to each other and a substrate by an extracellular matrix.

biofilm

Which of the following cell structures is specialized for transport of materials into and out of the cell?

Cell wall
Endoplasmic reticulum
Periplasmic space
Cell membrane

Cell membrane

Most microbes on earth live in a complex, organized association known as a(n) _________.
Multiple choice question.
endospore
biofilm
single-celled state
intracellular parasite

biofilm

Gradual adjustment and evolutionary change that allows microbes to survive in their environment is known as _______.

metabolism
evolution
adaptation
adjustment

adaptation

Which term best describes the association between a human host and the normal microbiota that aids in digestion?

Parasitic
Commensal
Mutualistic

Mutualistic

_____ is a close association between individuals from two species that may be helpful, harmful or neither to both members.

Symbiosis, Symbiotic, or Symbioses

_____ is a type of symbiotic relationship between two organisms in which one species derives benefit without harming the other.

Commensalism

Which terminology describes the ability of some microbes to detect the numbers of other microbes and alter their behavior?

Biofilm
Chemotaxis
Quorum sensing
Inducer sensing

Quorum sensing

When organisms attach to a substrate and secrete an extracellular matrix, a _______ is formed.

quorum
biofilm
membrane
tissue

biofilm

Biofilms are very common.

True
False

True

Which best describes a parasitic relationship between microbe and host?

Flesh-eating bacteria on human skin
Escherichia coli bacteria growing in the human gut
Wood-processing protozoa living in a termite gut
Decomposing fungi living in soil around plant roots

Flesh-eating bacteria on human skin

Which term describes any close relationship between two organisms?

Commensalism
Mutualism
Parasitism
Symbiosis

Symbiosis

_____ sensing is the ability of some microbes to detect the number of other microbes and act accordingly.

Quorum