Skeletal System

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Composition of skeleton

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Bone and cartilage

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2 parts of the skeleton

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  1. Axial

  2. Appendicular

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39 Terms

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Composition of skeleton

Bone and cartilage

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2 parts of the skeleton

  1. Axial

  2. Appendicular

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Axial skeleton

Central, middle

Includes: skull, vertebral column, and ribcage

Function: protection of organs: heart, lungs, brain, spine

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Appendicular skeleton

Everything attached to the axial skeleton

Includes: limb bones, upper and lower

Function: movement

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Girdles

Set of bones that connect limbs to axial skeleton

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2 types of girdles

  1. pectoral girdle

  2. Pelvis girdle : hip where lower limbs attach

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Classification of bones

4 classifications based on shape

  1. Long bone

  2. Short bone

  3. Flat bone

  4. Irregular bone

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<p>Long bone</p>

Long bone

Structure: Shaft and 2 bone ends. Longer than wide. Central shaft = diaphysis. Ends = epiphysis. Periosteum covers surface of the bone. Sharpies aka perforating fibers attach bone to periosteum.

Location: femur, fibula, tibia humerus, radius, ulna.

Function: leverage and movement

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<p>Periosteum</p>

Periosteum

Structure: DICT. Membrane. Contains stem cells and osteoblasts.

Location: covers bone surface

Function: protects the bone, anchor blood vessels and nerves to the surface of the bone

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<p>Endosteum</p>

Endosteum

Structure: Thin membrane of cells and reticular fibers. Contains osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts

Location: Covers all internal surfaces of the bone

Function: Active during bone growth, repair, and remodeling.

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<p>Medullary cavity</p>

Medullary cavity

Structure: Hollow space within the diaphysis.

Location: long bones

Function: in adults contains yellow bone marrow. In infants, contains red bone marrow.

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Yellow bone marrow

Adipose tissue

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Red bone marrow

Function: make cells

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Nutrient foramen

Openings for blood vessels.

Can be multiple.

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<p>Epiphysis</p>

Epiphysis

Structure: Inside= spongy bone. Outside = compact bone. No medullary cavity.

Location: 2 in each long bone. One proximal and one distal.

Function: Form a joint with another bone. Articulation.

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<p>Articular cartilage</p>

Articular cartilage

Structure: Layer of hyalin cartilage tissue

Location: Around the epiphysis

Function: Prevent friction at joints

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<p>Epiphyseal plate</p>

Epiphyseal plate

Structure: thin layer of hyaline cartilage

Location: Region of the long bone between the epiphyseal and diaphysis

Function: Provide for the continued lengthwise growth of the diaphysis

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<p>Epiphyseal line</p>

Epiphyseal line

Structure: thin layer of compact bone

Location: the region between the epiphysis and the diaphysis

Function: Remnants of the epiphyseal plate

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<p>Short bone</p>

Short bone

Structure: roughly cube shaped bones. Primarily spongy bone with a thin layer of compact bone. Sandwich architecture. Compact bone on either side of spongy bone.

Location: areas where movement is limited and stability is required: carpals (wrist) and tarsals (ankle)

Function: stability and support, shock absorption

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<p>Flat bones</p>

Flat bones

Structure: thin, flattened, often slightly curved. Composed of 2 layers of compact bone enclosing a layer of spongy bone

Location: Sternum, skull, ribs, scapulae

Function: Protection and muscle attachment.

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<p>Irregular bones</p>

Irregular bones

Structure: bone is not long, not short, and not flat. Odd shaped. Sandwich composition = compact bone on either side of spongy bone. Spongy bone composed of trabeaculae

Location: Ethmoid, vertebrae, sphenoid

Function: Protection, articulation, muscle attachment, support

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Spongy bone

Structure: composed of an open lattice of narrow plates of bone called trabeculae. Space between trabeculae contains red bone marrow. Porous. No central canals. Osteocytes within lamellae. Canaliculi house bone extensions for communication between osteocytes.

Location: internal layers of bone and ends of long bones.

Function:

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Bone development

AKA ossification

Turning soft CT into bone

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2 types of bone development

  1. Intramembraneous

  2. Endocardral

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<p>Intramembraneous ossification</p>

Intramembraneous ossification

Means: bone growth with a membrane

The thin layer of mesenchyme is sometimes referred to as a membrane

Mesenchyme source of these bones is an embryonic CT turns into bone tissue

Produces flat bones

Location: the cranial vault, zygomatic, maxilla, mandible, and central part of the clavicle.

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<p>Endochondral ossification</p>

Endochondral ossification

Hyaline cartilage into bone tissue.

Location: skull base, vertebrae, long bones, pelvis

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<p>Cell types used in bone development </p>

Cell types used in bone development

  1. Osteoblasts

  2. Osteocytes

  3. Oateoclasts

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<p>Osteoblasts</p>

Osteoblasts

Structure: Come from stem cells = osteogenis cells. Cuboidal.

Function: Form bone ECM

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Osteogenic cells

AKA osteoprogenitor

Structure: Stem cells

Location: Found in fibrous CT

Function: Turn into osteoblasts

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<p>Osteocytes</p>

Osteocytes

Structure: Mature osteocytes

Location: Within the matrix of the lacunae in bone tissue

Function: monitor bone ECM, can sense mechanical stress such as exercise and convert back to osteocytes to create new bone tissue

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<p>Osteoclasts</p>

Osteoclasts

Structure: Come from macrophages stem cells. Large multinuclear phagocytic cells.

Location: Within or adjacent to a depression or pit on the bone surface.

Function: Dissolve bone ECM. Eat up bone tissue. Bone respiration.

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<p>Fontanels</p>

Fontanels

Structure: soft spot. Fibrous CT that has not formed into bone yet in an infant.

Location: skull

Function: flexibility during birth and brain growth

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Sutures

Structure: Immovable joints. DRCT. Turn into bone tissue around age 50 = ossification.

Location: Skull

Function: connects cranial bones together

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Bone remodeling

Replacement of bone tissue with new bone tissue

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2 processes of bone remodeling

  1. Bone deposition by osteoblasts

  2. Bone resorption by ostroclasts

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2 main purposes of bone remodeling

  1. Maintaining blood Ca²+ levels. Increase Ca = bone resorption. Decrease Ca = bone deposition.

  2. Accommodate mechanical stress. Increase weight training = more bone deposition. Immobility = weaker bones = less bone density.

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Osteoporosis

Trabeculae more porous. More bone resorption. Related to hormones, estrogen. After menopause bone density decreases. Build strong skeleton before menopause.

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Bone repair

Break bone to heal bone

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Bone break steps

  1. Form hematoma = blood clot

  2. Form soft callus. Tissue = cartilage and collagen. Fibroblast create collagen fibers. Chondroblasts create cartilage fibers. Bridge gap between broken ends. Fibrocartilaginous cells.

  3. Form hard callus = bone tissue.

  4. Bone remodeling. Continued to deposit new bone tissue from osteoblasts