Anatomy & Physiology Practice Flashcards

Flashcards covering levels of organization, body cavities, anatomical terminology, homeostasis, basic chemistry, and biochemistry based on the lecture transcript.

Chemical level

The simplest level of organization in the human body.

Cell

The basic structural and functional unit of life formed when molecules combine.

Tissue

A group of similar cells working together to perform a specific function.

Organ

A level of organization consisting of two or more tissue types.

Organ system

A group of organs working together.

Organism

The highest level of biological organization.

Dorsal cavity

The body cavity that includes the cranial and vertebral cavities.

Cranial cavity

The cavity that contains the brain.

Vertebral cavity

The cavity that contains the spinal cord.

Ventral cavity

The cavity located on the anterior side of the body.

Diaphragm

The muscular structure that separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.

Thoracic cavity

The cavity where the lungs and heart are located.

Abdominopelvic cavity

The cavity containing digestive and reproductive organs.

Sagittal plane

An anatomical plane that divides the body into left and right sections.

Frontal plane

An anatomical plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior (front and back) sections.

Transverse plane

An anatomical plane that divides the body into top (superior) and bottom (inferior) sections.

Superior

Directional term meaning toward the head.

Inferior

Directional term meaning toward the feet.

Anterior

Directional term meaning toward the front of the body; for example, the breastbone is anterior to the spine.

Medial

Directional term meaning toward the midline of the body; for example, the heart is medial to the arm.

Lateral

Directional term meaning away from the midline.

Proximal

Directional term meaning closer to the point of attachment; for example, the elbow is proximal to the wrist.

Deep

Directional term meaning away from the surface; for example, the lungs are deep to the skin.

Homeostasis

The maintenance of the stability of the internal environment.

Feedback loop components

The three components are the receptor (sensor), control center, and effector.

Negative feedback

A mechanism that maintains stability by reversing change, such as temperature regulation.

Positive feedback

A mechanism that amplifies change, such as childbirth or blood clotting.

Major elements

Primary elements in the body, which include Carbon ($C$), Oxygen ($O$), Hydrogen ($H$), and Nitrogen ($N$).

Minor elements

Elements present in smaller amounts in the body, such as Iron ($Fe$).

Proton

A subatomic particle that carries a positive charge.

Neutron

A subatomic particle with a neutral charge (no charge).

Electron

A subatomic particle with a negative charge located in the electron cloud.

Atomic number

The number that equals the total number of protons in an atom.

Mass number

The total number of protons plus neutrons in an atom.

Ion

An atom that carries an electrical charge.

Cation

A positively charged ion.

Isotope

An atom that differs in the number of neutrons compared to other atoms of the same element.

Ionic bond

A chemical bond involving the transfer of electrons.

Covalent bond

A chemical bond involving the sharing of electrons.

Hydrogen bond

A weak attraction between molecules (often between water molecules).

Acid

A substance that releases hydrogen ions ($H^+$) and has a pH below $7$.

Base

A substance that releases hydroxide ions ($OH^-$) and has a pH above $7$.

Carbohydrates

Molecules that provide quick energy; includes monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.

Monosaccharide

A single sugar molecule, such as glucose or fructose.

Disaccharide

A double sugar, such as sucrose or lactose.

Polysaccharide

A long chain of sugars, such as glycogen.

Lipids

Molecules used for long-term energy storage and insulation.

Saturated fats

Fats that are solid at room temperature and contain no double bonds.

Unsaturated fats

Fats that are liquid at room temperature and contain double bonds.

Proteins

Molecules made of amino acids that serve as structural components and enzymes.

Nucleic acids

Molecules that store genetic information, such as DNA and RNA.

Catabolism

The metabolic process involving the breaking down of molecules to release energy.

Anabolism

The metabolic process involving the building of molecules.

Exergonic reaction

A chemical reaction that releases energy.

Endergonic reaction

A chemical reaction that uses or requires energy.

Dehydration synthesis

A process that removes water to build polymers.

Hydrolysis

A process that adds water to break down molecules.

Primary structure

The linear sequence of amino acids in a protein.

Secondary structure

Folding or coiling of a protein chain involving hydrogen bonds.

Tertiary structure

The overall three-dimensional ($3D$) shape of a single protein chain.

Quaternary structure

A protein structure formed by the interaction of multiple polypeptide chains.

Enzymes

Proteins that function as biological catalysts to speed up chemical reactions.

Active site

The specific region of an enzyme where a substrate binds to undergo a reaction.

Acidosis

A medical condition where blood pH falls below $7.35$.

Alkalosis

A medical condition where blood pH rises above $7.45$.

Which organelle is known as the control center of the cell?

Nucleus

Which organelle is responsible for producing ATP?

Mitochondria

What is the primary function of ribosomes?

Protein synthesis

What is the primary function of the Golgi apparatus?

To modify and package proteins

What do lysosomes contain?

Digestive enzymes

Which organelle synthesizes lipids?

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

What covers the surface of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

Ribosomes

What is the nucleolus responsible for producing?

RNA and ribosomes

During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

S phase

Which cell cycle phase immediately follows G1?

S phase

What are the two main parts of the cell cycle?

Interphase and mitosis

What does a cell do during the G1 phase?

Grows and performs normal functions

What does a cell do during the G2 phase?

Prepares for mitosis

When does interphase occur relative to mitosis?

Before mitosis

Where is a protein destined for secretion synthesized?

Ribosomes on the rough endoplasmic reticulum

What is the correct route for a secreted protein through the cell?

Ribosome to rough ER, Golgi, vesicle, and plasma membrane

What happens to chromosomes during prophase?

They condense

What happens to chromosomes during metaphase?

They align at the equator

What happens to chromatids during anaphase?

They separate

What happens during telophase?

New nuclei form

What is cytokinesis?

Division of the cytoplasm

Why is mitosis necessary for multicellular organisms?

Growth and repair

What is the primary component of the plasma membrane?

Phospholipid bilayer

What is the polarity of phosphate heads in the plasma membrane?

Polar

What is the role of cholesterol in the plasma membrane?

Maintains membrane fluidity

What are three functions of membrane proteins?

Channels, carriers, and receptors

Is diffusion an active or passive transport process?

Passive

What is osmosis?

The movement of water

What does facilitated diffusion require to move molecules?

Transport proteins

What energy source does active transport require?

ATP

Which transport process is nonmediated?

Diffusion

What is vesicular transport into a cell called?

Endocytosis

What is the vesicular process for releasing materials from a cell?

Exocytosis

What factors affect the rate of diffusion?

Temperature, concentration gradient, and molecule size

What happens to a cell placed in a hypotonic solution?

It swells