08: Growth & Development: The First and Second Year of Life

0-2 months, 2-6 months, and 6-12 months

Nelson’s discusses growth and development in 3 stages:

prenatal period and the first year of life

The _________________________________ provide the platform for remarkable growth and development, setting the trajectory of a child’s life.

First year of life

When is the peak of neural plasticity?

neural plasticity

What is the ability of the brain to be shaped by experience, both positive and negative

Approximately 36% of adult volume

What is the total of the adult brain volume at the 1st month?

Approximately 72% of adult volume

What is the total of the adult brain volume at the 1st year?

1st year

At what time does the Total brain volume doubles?

Approximately 83% of adult volume

What is the total of the adult brain volume at the 2nd year?

2nd Year of Life

At what time does the Total brain volume increases by an additional 15%?

90% of adult volume

What is the total of the adult brain volume at the 5th year?

Physiological changes

______________s permit the establishment of an effective feeding routine and a predictable sleep-wake cycle

cognitive development

Social interactions that occur as parents and infants accomplish these tasks lay the foundation of _______________

1st Week of Life

At what time of life does physiologic weight loss occur?

physiologic weight loss

Weight loss of 10-12% of the birthweight

1. excretion of excess extravascular fluid

2. Limited nutritional intake

What are the causes of physiologic weight loss ?

Nutrition Improves

What happens after the 1st week as colostrum is replaced by higher-fat breast milk, infants learns to latch on and suck and mothers become more comfortable feeding

2 weeks of age

Infants regain or exceed birthweight by _______________________

30 grams/day

Infants should grow at approximately _____________ during the first ( and second) month

20 grams/day

At 3-6 months, infants grow____________

AFTER the 1st Week of Life

When is the “Period of Fastest Postnatal Growth”

• Arms held to the sides ( still in flexion)

• Uncontrolled writhing, with apparently purposeless opening and closing of the hand

What leg movements occur after the 1st week of life
?

AFTER the 1st Week of Life

When does Involuntary Smiles and Eye gaze, head turning, and sucking are under better control occur?

8-12 inches

After 1st week of life what is the fixed focal length of the infants’ vision, making them have preference for faces?

False, 1st week

(T/F) After the second week of life, infants have preferential turning toward the mother’s voice and there is evidence of recognition memory

Sensory Integration to the CNS

[0-2 MONTHS] What cognitive development is the ability to integrate sensory input into the CNS?

False

(T/F) Infants at 0-2 years old function on the brainstem level

Differentiate Patterns, Colors, Consonant

[0-2 MONTHS] What cognitive development allows infants to differentiate among patterns, colors, and consonants?

Observe their duration of staring and looking

[0-2 MONTHS] How to test and infant’s ability to differentiate Patterns, Colors, Consonant?

Secure attachment

[0-2 MONTHS] What emotional development is caused by having the presence of consistent availability of a trusted adult in meeting infant’s urgent needs creates the conditions for the secure attachmen

True

(T/F) It is important to respond to a child’s cry, specifically for 0-2 months

Trust vs. Mistrust

[0-2 MONTHS] What emotional development from Erik Erikson’s psychological stage during infancy, develops when the infant’s needs are consistently met, whereas failure to meet these needs may result in mistrust that can later contribute to insecure attachment

Trust vs. Mistrust

[0-2 MONTHS] At what stage depends on attachment and reciprocal maternal bonding, particularly the infant’s attachment to the mother.

Crying

[0-2 MONTHS] What emotional development is present in about 20% of infants younger than 2 months and peaks at approximately 6 weeks of age, and is in response to obvious stimuli such as a soiled diaper or to less obvious causes, .

True

(T/F) [0-2 MONTHS] Infants who are consistently picked up and held when distressed tend to cry less at 1 year and show less aggressive behavior at 2 years.

3 hours per day

[0-2 MONTHS] Healthy infants may cry for up to __________________, may cry in response to another infant’s crying as an early sign of empathy, and typically decrease to 1 hour or less of crying per day by 3 to 5 months of age.

Child abuse, behavioral problems in older siblings such as sibling rivalry, anxiety, aggression, and hyperactivity, as well as decreased duration of breastfeeding and postnatal depression.

[0-2 MONTHS] Factors Incessant Crying May Be Associated With:

Warning signs for crying or fussiness

[0-2 MONTHS] ________________________ include crying for more than 3 hours per day, occurring for more than 3 days per week and lasting longer than 1 week, or persisting beyond 3 to 5 months of age.

Colic or “kabag”

[0-2 MONTHS] ________________ occurs in an otherwise healthy, thriving infant and follows the “Rule of 3,” beginning around the 2nd to 3rd week of life, lasting about 3 hours per day, occurring at least 3 days per week, and resolving by 3 months of age.

True

(T/F) [0-2 MONTHS] Colic is considered within the range of normal development when crying remains within these parameters, although colicky infants cry excessively and have difficulty settling.

• teaching caregivers to recognize pre-cry cues and respond calmly to feeding signals

• providing a quiet and non-distracting environment, swaddling the infant

• using mother-infant skin-to-skin contact and carrying when sensory stimulation is lacking

• reassuring caregivers that crying is normal and transient.

[0-2 MONTHS] What are the ways to manage crying or fussiness?

2nd to 3rd week of life

[0-2 MONTHS] PURPLE crying begins around the __________________ and usually continues until about 3 months of age.

2 months of age

[0-2 MONTHS] PURPLE crying peaks at approximately ________________and may occur without any apparent reason, with some infants being resistant to soothing.

30 to 40 minutes or more.

[0-2 MONTHS] During PURPLE crying, the infant may have a pain-like facial expression despite no identifiable source of pain and may experience prolonged crying bouts lasting ______________________.

2 months

At________________, infants develop voluntary social smiles and increasing eye contact, marking a change in the parent-child relationship and enhancing parents’ sense of being loved reciprocally.

motor and social control and cognitive engagement

[2-6 MONTHS] During the next months, infants develop increasing _______________________, with regulation evolving into complex social interactions that strengthen mutual attachment and enjoyment, while routines become established and parents experience less fatigue.

20 g/day

[2-6 MONTHS] At 3 to 4 months, the infant’s growth rate slows down to approximately ______________.

doubled

At 4 months, the infant’s birth weight is typically __________.

asymmetric tonic neck reflex and early grasp reflex, begin to disappear or wane

At 4 months, early primitive reflexes that limit voluntary movement, such as the _________________ (4)

reach for novel objects

At 4 months, infants may purposefully ________________, although their reaching remains inefficient, and their spontaneous movements are often described as “fidgety.”

taking food from a spoon

At 4 months, infants begin _________________, develop greater depth perception as the visual system matures, and achieve more regular sleep-wake cycles with stable-state regulation.

4-6 months

When does Demarcation of rapid eye movement and 3 stages of non-REM sleep happen?

14-16 hours

Total Sleep Requirements at 4-6 months

6 Months

At ____________70% of infants sleep for 6-8 hours

“hatching socially,”

At 4 months, infants begin_________________ as demonstrated by laughing, squealing, and beginning to vocalize.

4 months

At around ____________, infants explore their own bodies by staring intently at their hands, vocalizing, blowing bubbles, and touching their ears, cheeks, and genitals.

acquire knowledge

Infants ______________ primarily through sensory experiences, including placing objects in their mouths to explore and learn about them

cause and effect

[2-6 m] Infants begin understanding ____________ by learning that voluntary muscle movements produce predictable tactile and visual sensations, such as banging their hands and experiencing the resulting sensation.

sensory experiences

[2-6 m] Through exploring their own bodies and perceiving the effects of their movements, infants gradually learn from their _______________.

sense of self

Between 2 and 6 months, the ______________ begins to emerge through exploration of the infant’s own body, marking the first stage of personality development.

4 months

At ____________, infants interact with others with increasing sophistication and range, and primary emotions such as anger, joy, interest, fear, disgust, and surprise appear as distinct facial expressions in appropriate contexts.

30%

[2-6 m]When interacting face-to-face with a trusted adult, infants can match affective expressions about__________ of the time, and initiating games promotes social development.

Face-to-face interactions

[2-6 m] ___________________ demonstrate the infant’s ability to share emotional states, representing the first step in the development of communication.

depressed parents

[2-6 m] Infants of ________________may spend less time in coordinated movements with their parents and make fewer attempts to re-engage them, eventually displaying sadness and decreased energy rather than anger when the parent remains unavailable.

6 to 12 months

At__________, infants achieve the sitting position, become increasingly mobile, and develop new skills that allow them to explore the world.

6 to 12 months

At ____________, infants gain the ability to creep on their hands and knees or crawl on their bellies, and they also begin feeding themselves.

cognitive understanding and communication

At 6 to 12 months, infants show advances in _____________________ while developing new tensions related to attachment and separation.

will and intentions

At 6 to 12 months, infants begin developing a stronger sense of _______________, which most parents welcome but may find increasingly difficult to manage.

By 12 months

______________, the infant’s birth weight has tripled, birth length has increased by about 50%, and head circumference has increased by approximately 10 cm, while the brain undergoes tremendous growth.

increasing myelination and cerebellar growth

[6-12 m] Motor achievements correlate with _________________________, allowing infants to become more coordinated and rapidly acquire skills such as sitting, pulling to stand, cruising, and walking independently.

gross and fine motor skills

[6-12] The development of______________________ expands the infant’s ability to explore the environment and creates new opportunities for learning.

6 to 7 month

At_______________s, infants can sit unsupported,

9 to 12 months

At ________________, they can pivot while sitting, allowing them to manipulate several objects at the same time.

8-9 months

At ____________: emergence of a thumb-pincer grasp

12 months

At ___________: neat pincer grasp

9 months:

At ____________ voluntary releases

8 months

At __________: many begin crawling and pulling to stand, followed by cruising

1 year:

At ____________; infants can do some walk

Mandibular Central Incisors (lower)

1st to Erupt: _______________________

Tooth development

(T/F) ____________________ reflects skeletal maturation and bone age

6 months

At ___________, infants discover their hands and learn to manipulate objects, with everything being mouthed as part of the sensorimotor stage and oral phase.

cognitive development.

[6 months] According to Jean Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development, each action represents a schema, or a nonverbal idea about what things are for, and the complexity of an infant’s play reflects their_______________

Mastery motivation

[6 months] _________________ is the intrinsic drive shown when infants persistently and energetically tackle challenges, with securely attached infants demonstrating more experimentation and competence than those with less secure attachment.

Object Permanence or Constancy

Infant learns that an object or person continues to exist even without seeing it

9 months

when does Object Permanence or Constancy develop?

peek-a-boo

[9 m] Used as a developmental test to diagnose autism

stranger anxiety

At around 9 months, infants commonly develop ________________ because they remain strongly attached to their parents and may cry when approached or held by unfamiliar people.

Infant autonomy

______________also begins to emerge at around 9 months, creating a desire to do things independently despite the infant’s limited abilities and parental control.

tantrum

The conflict between the infant’s increasing drive for autonomy and mastery and parental control can lead to the beginning of _______________

poor weight gain

During feeding, the infant’s desire for independence may contribute to __________________ because the infant may resist parental assistance and insist on trying to feed independently.

2-spoon method

At 1 year, the_________________ is recommended, in which the parent feeds the infant with one spoon while allowing the infant to hold and use another spoon independently.

Finger foods

_______________ may also encourage independence during feeding but can be less effective because they may have limited nutritional value and can pose choking hazards.

second year of life

The_______________ is a period of rapid development, particularly in socio-emotional skills, cognitive abilities, and motor development.

myelination

During 12 to 18 months, the brain continues to grow and undergo ______________, although the rate of brain growth begins to slow during the second year.

78% to 83% of adult size

By the second year, brain volume reaches approximately ____________________, compared with about 78% at 1 year, when brain volume has already increased substantially.

2 cm

[12-18 m] During this period, head circumference increases by approximately _________

relatively short legs and a long torso.

[12-18 m] Toddlers have a characteristic body proportion with ______________________

exaggerated lumbar lordosis

[12-18 m] Toddlers have an________________________, a protruding abdomen, and relatively short legs, which make standing height less suitable as a measurement in this age group.

12 to 15 months,

Most children begin walking independently at approximately _______________ although there is normal variation in the timing of independent walking.

Early walking

[12-18 m] ____________ is characterized by a wide-based gait, bent knees, flexed elbows, bowlegged-appearing legs (genu varum), and flat-footed steps.

entire torso

[12-18 m] During early walking, the_____________ rotates with each stride, and the toes may point either inward or outward.