AP Psychology Memory 2.6-2.7

Recall

produce information from memory without being given the answer

Recognition

identify information that you have previously learned

Retrieval cues

Clues or associations that help you access a stored memory.

Prospective memory

perform an intended action in the future.

Retrospective memory

Remembering past information or experiences.

Priming

exposure to one stimulus influences your response to a later stimulus

Context-dependent memory

Memory that is easier to retrieve when you are in the same physical environment or context where you originally learned it

Encoding specificity principle

retrieval works best when the conditions during retrieval are similar to the conditions that existed during encoding.

State-dependent memory

The tendency to remember information better when you are in the same internal state as when you originally learned it

Mood-congruent memory

recall memories that match your current mood

Serial position effect

remember the first and last items in a list better than the middle items.

Primacy effect

remember the first items in a list especially well

Recency effect

remember the last items in a list especially well

Testing effect

actively retrieving information through self-testing improves later retention

Interleaving

Studying by mixing different subjects or types of material together

Metacognition

Thinking about and monitoring your own thinking and learning

Forgetting

inability to retrieve information that was previously learned

Anterograde amnesia

inability to form new long-term memories after an injury or other disruption to memory

Retrograde amnesia

loss of memories from before an injury or other disruption

Encoding failure

Forgetting that occurs because information was never successfully encoded into long-term memory in the first place.

Storage decay

weakening or loss of information from memory over time when it is not used or retrieved

Retrieval failure

unable to access information that is actually stored in memory

Proactive interference

old learning interferes with your ability to remember new information

Retroactive interference

new learning interferes with your ability to remember old information

Reconsolidation

a retrieved memory becomes temporarily changeable and can then be stored again

Misinformation effect

misleading information presented after an event changes a person's memory of the original event

Source amnesia

Remembering information but forgetting where, when, or from whom you learned it

Déjà vu

The feeling that you have experienced a current situation before

Imagination inflation

imagining an event can make you more likely to believe that the event actually happened

Recovered memory

memory of a past event that a person previously could not consciously recall but later remembers

Infantile amnesia

inability to remember most experiences from the first few years of life

Motivated forgetting

Forgetting that is influenced by our motivations or desire not to remember something

Repression

distressing memories are pushed out of conscious awareness