US ICP Final Study

Flashcards about the Civil War, Reconstruction, the Western Frontier, the Gilded Age, Progressivism, and Imperialism.

Who was Jefferson Davis?

Leader of the Confederacy.

Who was Stonewall Jackson?

Confederate leader known for his bravery at the Battle of Bull Run.

What was the Union?

The North during the Civil War, led by Abraham Lincoln.

What was the Confederacy?

The South during the Civil War, led by Jefferson Davis.

What was the Anaconda Plan?

Union's three-part plan to win the Civil War.

Who was Abraham Lincoln?

Leader of the Union during the Civil War.

What was the Union naval blockade?

Union strategy to blockade Southern ports, cutting off resources.

What was the Union's Mississippi River strategy?

Union strategy to split the Confederacy by controlling the Mississippi River.

What was the Union's Richmond objective?

Union's objective to capture the Confederate capital.

Who was George McClellan?

Union officer known for harshly training his men.

Who was Ulysses S. Grant?

Union officer known for decisive leadership and nicknamed 'Unconditional Surrender' Grant.

Who was Robert E. Lee?

Confederate military leader with a high moral compass.

Who were the Copperheads?

Northern Democrats who advocated for peace with the South.

Who was Clara Barton?

Union nurse known as 'the angel of the battlefield'.

What is secession?

The withdrawal of a state from the Union.

What was the Compromise of 1850?

Written by Henry Clay; Settled the controversy between free and slave states, postponing the war slightly

What is popular sovereignty?

The right of residents to vote for or against slavery.

What was the Battle of Antietam?

Bloodiest single-day battle in American history.

What was Appomattox Court House?

Site where Lee surrendered to Grant, ending the Civil War.

What was the Emancipation Proclamation?

Lincoln's declaration that freed slaves in Confederate territories.

What is habeas corpus?

Court order requiring authorities to justify the jailing of a person.

What is conscription/draft?

Forcing certain members of the population to serve in the army.

What was the Fort Pillow Massacre?

Massacre of African-American prisoners by Confederate troops in Tennessee.

What was Andersonville?

Confederate prison known for its harsh conditions and overcrowding.

What was the Battle of Gettysburg?

Turning point of the Civil War.

What was the Gettysburg Address?

Lincoln's speech that redefined America.

What was Sherman's March to the Sea?

Sherman's destructive march through Georgia.

What was the National Bank Act?

Established a system of federally chartered banks.

Who was Andrew Johnson?

Lincoln's successor as president.

Who was John Wilkes Booth?

Lincoln's assassin.

Who was the KKK?

White supremacy group that aimed to restore slavery and white power.

Who was Thaddeus Stevens?

Leader of the Radical Republicans.

What was the 13th Amendment?

Abolished slavery and involuntary servitude.

What was the Civil Rights Act of 1866?

Granted citizenship and equal protection to African Americans.

What was the Freedmen's Bureau?

Assisted former slaves and poor whites in the South.

What was the 14th Amendment?

Anyone born or naturalized in the U.S. is a citizen.

What was the 15th Amendment?

Allowed people of color to vote.

What were Black Codes?

Discriminatory laws against people of color.

What was Sharecropping?

system Landowners divide land and sell them to poor people that lived on that land to farm

Who were the Plains Indians / Sioux?

Native Americans that were forced to be ‘Americanized.

What was the Great Plains?

Land that went through the west-central portion of the U.S

What was the Homestead Act?

Offered 160 acres of land free to any citizen or intended citizen who was head of the household.

What was the Battle of Wounded Knee?

Sioux’s were rounded up and were shot down when there was an accidental firing, leaving hundreds of Sioux’s dead.

What was the Railroads / Transcontinental RR:

It opened up the West.

What was the Morrill Act:

gave federal land to the states to help finance agricultural colleges

What was the Panic of 1893:

Railroads went bankrupt which made the economy fall leaving businesses and banks to collapse.

What was Populism?

movement of the people; accommodate for the people

What was the Populist Party:

Wanted to lift burden of dent from farmers and other workers; give a voice to farmers and workers

Who were The Grange / Farmers’ Alliances?

Farmers that went around educating others about the struggles of farming.

Who was James Garfield?

20th President that has done industrial reforms for the U.S.

Who was Grover Cleveland:

22nd and 24th President, saw the presidency as being a caretaker. President two times but in consecutive terms

Who was William McKinley:

1896 he tries to become a Republican president, he becomes president in 1897; focused on changing the increased tariffs and implementing the gold standard

Who was Chester Arthur?

Enforced the Immigration act of 1882; 21st President

Who was Henry George?

Selected to be major of NYC because of his reforms on workers rights and reforms

What was Ellis Island?

Immigrants were turned into Ellis Island for inspection from the gov; was mostly European immigrants but there was also Caribbean and Asian immigrants

What was Angel Island?

The entrance for Chinese immigrants; not the ideal spot for immigrants to go to because immigrants were dealt with harsh questioning and long detention periods before being allowed entry into the United States; in New York

What was Gilded Age?

A period of rapid industrialization with people growing extremely wealthy and people growing even poorer

What was Gentlemen’s Agreement?

Japan's gov. Agreed to limit emigration of unskilled workers to the US in exchange for the repeal of the San Francisco segregation order

What Pendleton Civil Service Act

overrules the Spoils System so instead of giving away government's position through connections, The Pendleton Civil Service Act gives government positions through qualifications

Who was Benjamin Harrison:

she supported the spoils system and was a big advocate in giving roles to people that weren’t fit for government positions

What was Political Machine?

An organized group that controlled the activities of a political party in a city.

What was Urbanization?

Growth of cities, mostly in regions of the Northeast and Midwest

What was Americanization movement?

Designed to assimilate people of wife-ranging cultures into the dominant culture - “American culture

What was Nativism?

Favoritism toward native-bron Americans

What was Monopoly?

A single supplier that produces and sells

Who was Robber baron?

industries that gained their wealth through unethical sources

What was Melting pot/Salad Bowl?

A mixture of people of different cultures and races who blended together by abandoning their native languages and customs

What was Tenement?

Houses built for multi families, however they were in low condition and were of poor quality

What was Graft?

The illegal use of political influence for personal gain.

What was Patronage?

idea that giving jobs to supporters

What was Civil service?

Non military branches in the government

What was Labor unions:

Unions that fought against the excessive use of the workforce

What McKinley Tariff Act of 1890?

McKinley raising important tax to almost 50% on worldwide goods

What was the Sherman Antitrust Act

Made it illegal to form a trust that interfere with free trade between states or with other countries

What Bessemer Steel Process system?

● The process of adding oxygen into hot steel to take away impurities

Who was Lewis Hine?

Advocated against child labor →documented child labor practices which were widely distributed and displayed in exhibits

Who was Jane Addams?

A prominent American social reformer, settlement activist, and author → widely recognized for founding Hull House in Chicago that provided social services and educational opportunities to immigrant and working class families

Who was Upton Sinclair?

Wrote The Jungle, muckraking journalist

Who was Susan B. Anthony

A prominent American writer, activist, and women's suffrage reformer

Who was Elizabeth Cady Stanton

One of the leading proponents and reformers of the Women’s suffrage movement

What is the Meat Inspection Act?

Roosevelt pushed for the passage of this act → this act dictated strict cleanliness requirements for meatpackers and created the program of federal meat inspection that was used until it was replaced in the 1990’s

What is the Federal Reserve system

made by Woodrow Wilson →One of his most enduring achievements → this system still serves as the basis of the nations banking system

Who was William McKinley

President during the time of Spanish-American War

Who was Alfred Mahan:

Naval Officer who wanted to strengthen the military

Who was Liliuokalani?

The Queen of Hawaii that got overthrown

What was Imperialism?

The policy which the stronger nations extend their economic, political, or military control over weaker territories

What was Yellow journalism:

A sensational style of newspaper which writes exaggerated stories and publishes fake news

Who was Sanford B. Dole

After Liliuokalani was overthrown and Hawaii was put into a provisional gov

Who was Enrique De Lome?

Spanish AMbassador who writes a letter to the US criticizing President McKinley, calling him weak and concerning only about gaining favor of the crowd

Who was William Seward?

The man who wanted to take buy Alaska and was nickname “Seward’s Icebox” and “Seward’s Folly”

What was The Foraker Act

Established the rules that are gonna be set in Puerto Rico. Ended military rule and established a military government. Limits control of the people choosing their government. Puerto Ricans can vote for a lower class government but the U.S. chooses an upper class government.

What was Open Door Policy?

John Hays creates a policy where the U.S. can go into China

What was Big Stick Diplomacy:

Urging countries share and have equal access to supplies

What the Panama Canal

a waterway that connects the Caribbean Sea with the Pacific Ocean

What was the Roosevelt Corollary?

Addition to Monroe Doctrine and the U.S. becomes an international police power in the western hemisphere to ensure stability

What Dollar Diplomacy:

Tafts; Using economic means to expand influence without using military force

Prohibition

Banning the us and making of alcohol

Clayton Antitrust Act

This act tried to strengthen the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890. It prohibited corporations from acquiring the stock of others if doing so would result in a monopoly. If they ended up going against the law, then the company's officers could be prosecuted.

Progressive movement

This movement aimed to restore economic opportunities and fix injustices in American life. During this movement, reformers did not all agree on the same problems, but they all wanted one of these following goals: protecting social welfare, promoting moral improvement, creating economic reform, and fostering efficiency.

New Nationalism

After Roosevelt came back from Africa he made a speech that wanted a "new Nationalism" which allows the federal govern to exert its power for "the welfare of the people"