Motor Development Theories

quality of life

individual's perception of their position in life in context of their culture

health

A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being

participation

with development and the ICF model we start with _____

- what they can and can't do

personal factors

intrinsic to client

- cognition

- ability to communicate

environmental factors

extrinsic to client

- family

- friends

- teachers

motor development

-how one learns early movements as one's age increases

-continuous change in functional capacity throughout the life cycle

- age related, but NOT dependent

individual; environment

motor development involves sequential change resulting from:

- within the ______

- between the individual and the ______

cognitive, affective, and psychomotor

what are the 3 developmental domains?

cognitive

thought processes

affective (psychosocial)

feelings and how they interact

- MOTIVATION

psychomotor

movement

motor learning

relatively permanent motor gains in motor skill capability related to experience or practice

how one stores movements to be reproduced easily at a future time

motor control

study of the neural, physical, and behavioral aspects of movement

how one produces and controls a movement (adjusting plans)

quickly

motor control adjusts ______ (within ms)

practice

motor learning takes _____ and takes hours, days, weeks

lifespan

motor development occurs throughout the ______ and takes months, years, and decades

Neural-Maturationist Theory

-developed beginning in 1900s

-researches: Gesell, Bayley, Mcgraw, Bobath, and Bly

-Gesell's research produced motor milestone sequence which is now the basis for standardized scales of mental and motor development

CNS

the neural-maturationist theory is the idea that motor development is the result of _____ maturation

- skills occur in a genetically predetermine specific, invariant, hierarchical sequence (everyone develops the same)

- reflexes are building blocks for movement patterns

- environment can speed up or slow down the predetermined process

- periods of flexor vs. extensor dominance and symmetry and asymmetry

proximal; medial

with the neural maturationist theory development is:

- top down

- _____-distal

- _____- lateral

- up against gravity

neural

pediatric PT was developed according to the _____ maturationist theory

- emphasis on examination of reflex development and motor milestones to show higher levels of neural maturation

- treatment organized around inhibiting primary reflexes

- worked to facilitate righting and equilibrium reactions

- assumed function would follow

Behavioral theories

- researchers: pavlov, skinner, and bandura

- behavior is shaped by the environment

- conditioning of behavior through stimulus response approach

- advocates modifying behavior through manipulating stimuli in the environment to create a response that positively or negatively reinforces a particular behavior

environment

behavioral theories impact pediatric PT by changing the ______ that kids participate in

- loud and cluttered not best for distracted kid

- quiet and minimized best for focus

cognitive theories

researchers: piaget, vygotsky, montessori

- piaget emphasized interaction between maturation of neural structures and environmental opportunities to promote action

- primarily cognitive but applies to pediatric PT (view pt. w/ a self-regulating system that accomodates their current cognitive status and their experiences)

static

later in their careers piaget and gesell both saw development as a spiraling process and that it is never _____

sensorimotor stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities

- develop some volitional movement

- repeat interesting movements

- create mental plans

preoperational stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic

- understand symbols and words

- egocentric (all about themselves)

- focus on one aspect of an object (size > volume)

concrete operations stage

Piaget's stage in which children learn such concepts as conservation and mathematical transformations; about 7 - 12 years of age

- start to use logic

- develop identity

- others think differently from them

- conservation (understand volume over space)

formal operations stage

Piagetian stage starting at age 12 years and continuing for the rest of life, in which adolescents may gain the reasoning powers of educated adults.

- think abstractly

- multiple solutions to a problem

assimilation

interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas

- cow = big dog b/c 4 legs and furry

accomodation

adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information

- creating new behaviors and cognitive structures following repeated assimilation experiences (cow = cow)

social scaffolding

a process in which more competent people provide a temporary framework that supports children's thinking at a higher level than children could manage on their own

- learn with help

problem; development

cognitive theories impact on pediatric PT

- PTs need to include ____ solving activities in their treatment sessions

- cognitive motivational activities will facilitate motor _____

psychoanalytical and psychosocial view

Unconscious conflicts

Initial drives are for survival

meet children at their need level

researchers: freud, eriskon, and maslow

ecological perspective

researchers: bronfenbrenner, gibson, harris, sameroff

- environment has a strong influence on child development

- development driven by interrelationship of individual, environment, and task

- neural system one of many responsible for action

social

what is the primary driver for adolescent behavior?

cognitive, associative, and autonomous

what are the stages of motor learning?

dynamic systems theory

researchers: bernstein, thelan, horak, heriza, shumway-cook and woolacott, adolf

- development is non-linear

- integration of multiple systems

- internal components of organism and external context of task are equivalent to determine outcome of behavior

stability, mobility, and manipulation

what are the stages of development according to the dynamic systems theory?

task; environment

the dynamic systems theory believes that movement emerges from an interaction of the individual with the _____ and the _____

windows

there are _____ of opportunity when movement is more variable and intervention can be particularly effective

- promotes episodes of care for pediatric PT

farther; faster

novice walkers will travel _____ and _____ than expert crawlers

embedded

children need practice _____ in their natural environment to learn a skill

mental

children with disabilities have similar mastery motivation as typical children but their level of motivation is related to their _____ rather than chronologic age

neuronal group selection theory

researchers: sporns, edelman, hadders-algra, helders

- balance between dynamical systems approach, with recognition of CNS role in movement at the level of the neuron

- high variability is key element of typical development

- attempts to explain brain function in terms of the development of neurologic connections

genetics; experience

in neural group selection theory _____ and _____ are of equal importance

neuronal groups

Networks of neurons that act as functional units to process afferent information (sensory) produced by active exploration and create variable and adaptive motor actions.

dominism

neurons survive that best function in a system; others are eliminated

plates

during prenatal development nerve cells migrate and form _____ which are key structures for neuronal groups. as these disappear there is a transition from general to volitional movements

primary variability

-neural systems explores by means of self generated activity

-abundant variation is present

-occurs during fetal life and infancy

selection

experience leads to selection of most effective motor pattern

transient reduction in variation of motor behavior

occurs during infancy; at function-specific ages

secondary/adaptive variability

creation of secondary neural repertoires

adaptability to task constraints

occurs in infancy, toddler, child, and adolescent

sitting independently

what is an example of primary variability?

reaching in sitting

what is an example of secondary variability/adaptability?

both

nature and nurture _____ play a part in development; the question is to what extent (depends on skill)

neuroplasticity

ability of human brain to change as a result of one's experience

- greatest during first 5 years of life

- maximize effect by using meaningful activities

- allow trial and error

postural

_____ control is suggested to be a rate-limiting factor in early motor development

postural control

deficits in distal skills may be masked by deficiencies in ______ _____ of the head and neck

- need proximal control for distal mobility

controlled; skill

Mobility ---> stability ----> ______ mobility ----> _______

mobility

random movement of a newborn

- open chain: kicking, hand to mouth

stability

postural control of early infancy

- closed chain: head control, static sitting balance, static standing balance

mobility; stability

_____ superimposed on ______

- static and dynamic postural control of late infancy

- weight shift: rolling, creeping, walking

skill

controlled weight shift