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Enlightenment Thinkers

Intellectuals who advocated for reason, science, and individual rights during the 17th and 18th centuries.

Isaac Newton

English mathematician and physicist known for his work "Principia Mathematica," which laid the foundation for classical mechanics.

John Locke

English philosopher who wrote "Two Treatises of Government," advocating for natural rights and the social contract theory.

Voltaire

French philosopher who wrote "The Treatise on Tolerance" and popularized the idea of Deism.

Baron De Montesquieu

French political thinker known for "The Spirit of Laws," which proposed the separation of powers in government.

Denis Diderot

French philosopher who edited the "Encyclopedia," a compilation of knowledge promoting rational thinking.

Jean Jacques Rousseau

Swiss philosopher famous for "The Social Contract," which discussed the relationship between individuals and the state.

Adam Smith

Scottish economist and author of "The Wealth of Nations," advocating for free-market capitalism and limited government intervention.

Benjamin Franklin

American statesman known for "Poor Richard's Almanac" and his contributions to the Declaration of Independence.

Thomas Jefferson

American Founding Father who authored the Declaration of Independence.

Immanuel Kant

German philosopher renowned for "Critique of Pure Reason," exploring the limits of human knowledge and reason.

Marie-Jeanne de Condorcet

French philosopher who wrote "Sketch for a Historical Picture of the Progress of the Human Spirit."

Mary Wollstonecraft

English writer of "A Vindication of the Rights of Men," advocating for gender equality and women's rights.

American Revolution

The period of political upheaval in the 13 American colonies against British rule, led to independence.

Seven Years War

Conflict between France and Britain over territory had significant financial implications and led to new taxes.

Stamp Act

1765 British law imposing direct taxes on the American colonies, leading to protests and resistance.

Boston Massacre

1770 incident where British soldiers killed American colonists, fueling anti-British sentiment.

Boston Tea Party

1773 protest against British taxes on tea, where colonists dumped tea into Boston Harbor.

Intolerable Acts

1774 British laws punishing Massachusetts for the Boston Tea Party, escalating tensions.

Declaration of Independence

1776 document declaring the 13 American colonies' independence from British rule.

French Revolution

Period of radical social and political change in France from 1789 to 1799, leading to the end of the monarchy.

French Revolution Financial Crisis

Economic instability in France exacerbated by wars and extravagant spending by the monarchy.

French Revolution Estate System

Social class structure in France divided into three estates, with the third estate representing common people.

The first Estate is the Clergy; The second estate is the Nobility; The third estate is the Common People, ;They made up about 95% of the pop; Estates 1 and 2 paid 0 taxes; Calling of the Estates-General 1789

;The Tennis Court Oath; The National Assembly Established

Calling of the Estates-General

1789 assembly in France representing the three estates, leading to the French Revolution.

Tennis Court Oath

Pledge by the National Assembly in 1789 not to disband until a new constitution was established.

Reign of Terror

Period of violence during the French Revolution led by Robespierre and the Committee of Public Safety.

Haitian Revolution

Slave uprising in the French colony of Saint-Domingue, leading to Haiti's independence in 1804.

• Slave Uprising began in the French Colony of Saint-Domingue in 1791

• Sugar coffee and indigo were shipped from there all three of these are labor intense crops

• Toussaint Louverture led the slaves against their master and the colonial governments

• Independence in 1804

  • 1st Caribbean nation to gain independence

  • The only nation established as a result of the slave revolt

• Impacted Napolean and his European ambitions and cost $$$

• As a result of the Haitian revolution, Napolean had to sell the Louisiana territory to the United States

• Slavery was outlawed in Hati and led to other slave revolts in the Americas but none of them worked

• Devastates the economy of Hati

  • the collapse of the plantation system

  • struggle for the replacement of labor and of land ownership

South American Revolutions

Independence movements in countries like Argentina and Brazil led by figures like Simon Bolivar.

• Argentina 1816

• Creolss instituted a junta and declared independence

• Jose de San Martin led a successful campaign against the loyalists

• a creole from Northern Argentia

  • He helped gain independence in Chile in 1818, and in Lima, Peru. However, he could not fully free Peru from Spain

  • Uruguay would gain independence in 1828, but mentions remained

Caudillismo

The political system in post-independence Latin America characterized by strongman rule and military support. They were often rich landowners, and they took over and subjected those who were weaker, they would get military men to help them called gauchos, who became strong charismatic leaders, they were absolute rulers who were sometimes at war with other caudillos

Opium Wars

Conflicts between China and Britain over the opium trade, resulting in unequal treaties and concessions to Britain.

Prelude to the Great War

Factors like militarization, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism that contributed to the outbreak of World War I.

Schlieffen Plan

German military strategy in WWI to quickly defeat France by invading through Belgium, leading to broader conflict.

Parliamentary Interferance and Resistance Took What Forms

• Stamp Act 1765

• Boston Massacre 1770

• Boston Tea Party

• Intolerable Acts 1774

• First Continental Congress 1774

Second Continental Congress Took Forms Of

• Decoloration of Independence

• 1781 battle of Yorktown American Revolution ends

• The Treaty of Paris 1783 Established the USA

Moderate Phase Consisted Of

• The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of Citizen

• The Women's March Versailles

• The Constitution of 1791; established constitutional monarchy and abolished the Regime

Radical Phase Consisted Of

• War with Austria and Prussia

• Imprisonment of the Royals

• September Massacres

• Regenicide

• The Reign of Terror; Maximillian Rebspoerre the jacobs and the communities of public safety

French Revoultion Military Phase Consisted of

• The Directory 1795

• The coup d’Etats

• Napoleon Bonaparte

  • Reformed the legal system which was known as the Civil Code of 1804

• Emporer Napolean 1st

• War With Europe

  • Russia Mistake 1812

  • Exile to Elba

  • Triumphant return

  • Waterloo June 18, 1815

  • St. Helena

Brazil 1882

• A lot of fear among the white European class following the Haitian Revolution

• Portugal’s ruling family relocated to Brazil during the Napoleonic Wars they retuned to Portugal in 1820, but left his son Pedro 1st

• Pedro 1 declared Brazil independent in 1822

• He was an authoritarian, so constitutional reform was limited and resistance was high

• He abdicated in 1831, Pedro 2 was just 8 years old and required a regent an oligarchy exploited the regency

  • Constitutional reform started by slavery wouldn’t be outlawed until 1889

Simon Bolivar

• known as the liberator- helped 6 countries gain independence

• Born into a Creole aristocratic family in Caracas

• Studied in Europe and learned of Enlightenment thought

• Watched in awe and revulsion at the coronation of Napolean 1st

• After several failed attempts at independence, Bolvar successfully liberated Venezuela after the Battle of Carabobo in 1819

Gran Columbia

• After his native Venuzela Bolivar helped to liberate several other areas and gain independence

• These areas would be organized as a collection of present-day Columbia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Panama, northern Peru, and western Guyana. and northeastern Brazil

• Despite Bolivar’s best efforts, he could not hold the dream together, he stepped down in 1830 and It soon collapsed

• The Congress of Vienna

• following the defeat of Napolean the powers looked to redraw the map of Europe to make a new balance of power

• Austria, Britain, France, Prussia, Russia, and others attended this congress, along with representatives from smaller states

• Key principles:

  • restoration of the monarchy

  • Balance of power

  • Redrew the borders

  • want to suppress radicalism and nationalism

  • Establish the German Confederation

  • The Congress system,,-proto-NATO

• It helped stabilize europe and brought a time of collaboration within the nation

• It led to further imperial pursuits in territorial had pushed nations to look to Africa and Asia