Restor
Enlightenment thinkers
Early Enlightenment
Issac Newton: Principa Mathmatica
John Locke: Two Treatises of Government
High ENlightenment
Voltaire: The Treatise on Tolerance; made the idea of Deism
Baron De Montesquieu: Spirit of Laws, Each branch has its rulers
Denis Diderot: Encyclopeidia
Jean Jacques Rousseau: The Social COntract
Adam Smith: The Wealth Of Nations; govt should not interfere in business unless it holds up people’s rights
Benjamin Franklin: Poor Richards Almanac
Thomas Jefferson: Declaration of Independence
Late Enlightenment
Immanuel Kant: Critique of Pure Reason
Marie -Jeane de Condorcet: Sketch for a Historical Picture of the Progress of the Human Spirit
Mary Wollstonecraft: A Vindication of the Rights of Men
American Revolution
The Seven Years War or the French and Indian War, but it lasted 9 years 1754-1763
fought between France and Britain over frontier territory
very costly for both sides of the battle
new taxes implemented to offset costs
Parliamentary Interferance and Resistance
Stamp Act 1765
Boston Massacre 1770
Boston Tea Party
Intolerable Acts 1774
First Continental Congress 1774
Lexington and Concord 1775
Common Sense
Second Continental Congress
Decoloration of Independence
1781 battle of Yorktown American Revolution ends
The Treaty of Paris 1783 Established the USA
French Revolution
Financial Crisis
The Seven Years’ War made this a problem
America’s revolution also spent money
Frivolous Spending of Louis 14th, Maria Antoinette was the queen
The Estate System
The first Estate is the Clergy
The second estate is the Nobility
The third estate is the Common People, They made up about 95% of the pop
Estates 1 and 2 paid 0 taxes
Calling of the Estates-General 1789
The Tennis Court Oath
The National Assembly Established
The Storming Of The Bastille July 12, 1789
Moderate Phase
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of Citizen
The Women's March Versailles
The Constitution of 1791; established constitutional monarchy and abolished the Regime
Radical Phase
War with Austria and Prussia
Imprisonment of the Royals
September Massacres
Regenicide
The Reign of Terror; Maximillian Rebspoerre the jacobs and the communities of public safety
French Revolution
The Military Phase
The Directory 1795
The coup d’Etats
Napoleon Bonaparte
Reformed the legal system which was known as the Civil Code of 1804
Emporer Napolean 1st
War With Europe
Russia Mistake 1812
Exile to Elba
Triumphant return
Waterloo June 18, 1815
St. Helena
Haitian Revolution
Slave Uprising began in the French Colony of Saint-Domingue in 1791
Sugar coffee and indigo were shipped from there all three of these are labor intense crops
Toussaint Louverture led the slaves against their master and the colonial governments
Independence in 1804
1st Caribbean nation to gain independence
The only nation established as a result of the slave revolt
Impacted Napolean and his European ambitions and cost $$$
As a result of the Haitian revolution, Napolean had to sell the Louisiana territory to the United States
Slavery was outlawed in Hati and led to other slave revolts in the Americas but none of them worked
Devastates the economy of Hati
the collapse of the plantation system
struggle for the replacement of labor and of land ownership
South American Revoulutions
Argentina 1816
Creolss instituted a junta and declared independence
Jose de San Martin led a successful campaign against the loyalists
a creole from Northern Argentia
He helped gain independence in Chile in 1818, and in Lima, Peru. However, he could not fully free Peru from Spain
Uruguay would gain independence in 1828, but mentions remained
Brazil 1882
A lot of fear among the white European class following the Haitian Revolution
Portugal’s ruling family relocated to Brazil during the Napoleonic Wars they retuned to Portugal in 1820, but left his son Pedro 1st
Pedro 1 declared Brazil independent in 1822
He was an authoritarian, so constitutional reform was limited and resistance was high
He abdicated in 1831, Pedro 2 was just 8 years old and required a regent an oligarchy exploited the regency
Constitutional reform started by slavery wouldn’t be outlawed until 1889
Simon Bolivar
known as the liberator- helped 6 countries gain independence
Born into a Creole aristocratic family in Caracas
Studied in Europe and learned of Enlightenment thought
Watched in awe and revulsion at the coronation of Napolean 1st
After several failed attempts at independence, Bolvar successfully liberated Venezuela after the Battle of Carabobo in 1819
Gran Columbia
After his native Venuzela Bolivar helped to liberate several other areas and gain independence
These areas would be organized as a collection of present-day Columbia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Panama, northern Peru, and western Guyana. and northeastern Brazil
Despite Bolivar’s best efforts, he could not hold the dream together, he stepped down in 1830 and It soon collapsed
Caudillismo
a system of political social domination, based on the leadership of a strongman, that arose after the wars of independence from Spain
They were often rich landowners, and they took over and subjected those who were weaker, they would get military men to help them called gauchos, who became strong charismatic leaders, they were absolute rulers who were sometimes at war with other caudillos
Mexico 1824
Miguel Heldago led an uprising in 1810 against the Spanish and the Spanish royalty, he was unsuccessful and was executed for treason, father of Mexican independence
After the war for independence came in that lasted about nine years, they would establish a constitutional monarchy after this, the first empower was Iturbide
advocated the throne three years later, in 1824, the Mexican republic was declared with a new constitution like most Spanish Americans Mexico would fall to the caudillos
in 1836 Mexican forces clashed with Texas, which claimed to be an independent republic, antonio lopez de Santa Antonio at a mission church called Against Texas and US forces in San Antonio at a misson churches called the ALmo Mexico were defeated and Texas opted to join the UX in 1845
Confederation of Central America
A short-lived attempt at unified control in Central America it consisted of the current countries of Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua
The Monro Doctrine
US foreign policy under Secretary of State John Quincy Adams, by President James Renmoe, calls out to the European Nations that says stay out of the western hemisphere, European nations can’t mess with the western hemisphere and the US will view them as acts of aggression
The US will not mess with European Colonies that were already established and maintained, the policy of non-intervention
Makes US unrivaled power in the western hemisphere to the newly independent states the US looked like a protector , however, the US had an economic interest in the domination of trade relations
Established a precedent for the US to become enmeshed in the political struggles throughout the region, all under the guise of protectionism
The result was growing US power and imperial pursuits and lessening Europeans’ involves the Americas
The Congress of Vienna
following the defeat of Napolean the powers looked to redraw the map of Europe to make a new balance of power
Austria, Britain, France, Prussia, Russia, and others attended this congress, along with representatives from smaller states
Key principles:
restoration of the monarchy
Balance of power
Redrew the borders
want to suppress radicalism and nationalism
Establish the German Confederation
The Congress system,,-proto-NATO
It helped stabilize europe and brought a time of collaboration within the nation
It led to further imperial pursuits in territorial had pushed nations to look to Africa and Asia
The berlin conference
The Berlin conference
scramble for Africa
Belgium, Britain, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and Portugal, attended a meeting in Berlin to discuss the colonization of Africa
The borders established during the Berlin conference often ignored ethnic, cultural, and geographical relatives, leading to conflicts and instability in post-colonial Africa that persists to this day
African nations and peoples were not insured to participate in the conference leading to the arbitrary division of colonial rule without their consent
Britain- cape to Carico
France- western Africa
Belgium- cOngo River and Rainforest
Pirtugual- Angola, and Moszambique
Germany- Nanmbia, Tanzania, and Garbon
Spain and Italy take smaller territories
The Meiji Restoration
The Tokugawa Shogunate had rules in Japan. lost power and influence/ The empowered, Meji, regained power from the three
Meji means enlightened rule
The government looked to institute the following refrains:\
1. A highly centralized bureaucratic government
2. A constitution establishing an elected parliament
3. A well-developed transport and communication system
4. A highly educated population free of feudal class restrictions
5. an established and rapidly growing industry; a sector based on the latest technology
6. A powerful navy
The rapid industrialization led to a need for greatned resources. This led to imperial designs
Matthew Parry, an American, opened Japan to Western culture in 1854
Opium Wars
Trade imbalance, Britain sought to address a trade imbalance by exporting opium from India to China
The BRITISH EAST COMPANY smuggled opium into China, despite the Chinese government's efforts to ban the drug due to its harmful effects on society
The Opium Wars were from 1839-1842, Chinese authorities attempted to halt the opium trade, however, Britain began escorting the ships into the port so that way they could keep selling it in China, as Chinese authorities tried to shut the ships down, British ships would fire upon them then the land war began and Britain won the first Opium War
The Treaty Of Nanlking, the treaty ended the opium wars, China agreed to cede Honkongs port to Britain, they opened 5 treaty ports for trade, and bay operations, and granted extraterritorial rights to British Citizens
Second OPium WARS, the war resulted in further concessions from China, including additional treat ports and the legalization of the opium trade
The opium wars had far-reaching consequences for China, including erosion of overnight territorial losses, economic expansion, and social unrest. They also marked a significant shift in global power dynamics, as European powers asserted their dominance over China
Prelude to the Great War
M.A.I.N
Milirliazations; technological advances in weaponry led to the build-up of military through the European countries, which was taken as a preparation for war
Alliances; developed during the 19th century, tripled Entante, Russia, France, and Britain, and the Triple Alliance, Germany, Austria Hungary, and Italy. These were done to provide security but led to a quick escalation of conflicts
IMpERALISM; the competition for overseas colonies in Asia and Africa continued to cause tension as militilzation and industrialization mapped up for scares resources. The collapse of the EIC made nations more responsive and responsible for the territories overseas
NATIONALISM; the idea of one nation under one language religion and culture under one nation, the revolutionary fervor of the 19th century extended into Europe as various ethnic groups began to differentiate themselves from ruling governments in the Balkans, Serbia, Bosnia, and other Salvic people tried to break from Austria Hungary
THE SCHLIEFFEN PLAN;
The Schlieffen Plan was a German military strategy in WWI to swiftly defeat France by bypassing its defenses through Belgium, but it ultimately led to wider European conflict.