8. MCQs Urinary System. Regulation of Body Fluids. Acid-Base Balance.

The cortical nephrons are characterized by:

a) shorter loop of Henle and peritubular capillary network;

b) longer loop of Henle and peritubular capillary network;

c) longer loop of Henle and vasa recta;

d) shorter loop of Henle and vasa recta;

e) none of the above mentioned.

The cortical nephrons are characterized by:

a) shorter loop of Henle and peritubular capillary network;

b) longer loop of Henle and peritubular capillary network;

c) longer loop of Henle and vasa recta;

d) shorter loop of Henle and vasa recta;

e) none of the above mentioned.

The control of water excretion in the kidney is controlled by:

a) the antidiuretic hormone (ADH);

b) the medulla oblongata;

c) atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP);

d) sodium level in the blood;

e) potassium level in the blood.

The control of water excretion in the kidney is controlled by:

a) the antidiuretic hormone (ADH);

b) the medulla oblongata;

c) atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP);

d) sodium level in the blood;

e) potassium level in the blood.

On which of the following the kidneys have direct effect?

a) blood pressure and water electrolyte balance;

b) body temperature;

c) the level of glucose in plasma;

d) smooth muscle tone of airways;

e) ovulation.

On which of the following the kidneys have direct effect?

a) blood pressure and water electrolyte balance;

b) body temperature;

c) the level of glucose in plasma;

d) smooth muscle tone of airways;

e) ovulation.

Glucose reabsorption occurs in the:

a) proximal tubule;

b) loop of Henle;

c) distal tubule;

d) cortical collecting duct;

e) medullary collecting duct.

Glucose reabsorption occurs in the:

a) proximal tubule;

b) loop of Henle;

c) distal tubule;

d) cortical collecting duct;

e) medullary collecting duct.

Renin is secreted by:

a) cells in the macula densa;

b) cells in the proximal tubule;

c) cells in the distal tubule;

d) juxtaglomerular cells;

e) cells in the peritubular capillary bed.

Renin is secreted by:

a) cells in the macula densa;

b) cells in the proximal tubule;

c) cells in the distal tubule;

d) juxtaglomerular cells;

e) cells in the peritubular capillary bed.

Renin release:

a) is triggered by increased sympathetic activity and low Na+ level in the distal tubules;

b) increases when systemic arterial pressure rises;

c) directly activates angiotensin converting enzyme;

d) is increased when the level of circulating cathecholamines is low;

e) increase when there is hyperhydration.

Renin release:

a) is triggered by increased sympathetic activity and low Na+ level in the distal tubules;

b) increases when systemic arterial pressure rises;

c) directly activates angiotensin converting enzyme;

d) is increased when the level of circulating cathecholamines is low;

e) increase when there is hyperhydration.

The glomerulus:

a) has both afferent and efferent arterioles;

b) contains capillaries, which are at a higher hydrostatic pressure than the peritubular capillaries;

c) filters 20% of the renal plasma flow;

d) contains renin-secreting cells;

e) all of the above.

The glomerulus:

a) has both afferent and efferent arterioles;

b) contains capillaries, which are at a higher hydrostatic pressure than the peritubular capillaries;

c) filters 20% of the renal plasma flow;

d) contains renin-secreting cells;

e) all of the above.

The total volume of water in the body is:

a) 6 - 8 % of body weight;

b) 5 L;

c) 45 - 47% of body weight;

d) 140 L;

e) increased with age.

The total volume of water in the body is:

a) 6 - 8 % of body weight;

b) 5 L;

c) 45 - 47% of body weight;

d) 140 L;

e) increased with age.

The following occurs in the proximal tubule of the nephron:

a) reabsorption of glucose and most of the water;

b) secretion of most water;

c) passive transport of sodium;

d) secretion of bicarbonate;

e) passive transport of amino acids.

The following occurs in the proximal tubule of the nephron:

a) reabsorption of glucose and most of the water;

b) secretion of most water;

c) passive transport of sodium;

d) secretion of bicarbonate;

e) passive transport of amino acids.

The antidiuretic hormone (ADH):

a) decreases the osmolarity of urine;

b) decreases the volume of final urine;

c) increases the reabsorption of water in the proximal tubules;

d) is synthesized in the posterior pituitary gland;

e) increases the excretion of glucose.

The antidiuretic hormone (ADH):

a) decreases the osmolarity of urine;

b) decreases the volume of final urine;

c) increases the reabsorption of water in the proximal tubules;

d) is synthesized in the posterior pituitary gland;

e) increases the excretion of glucose.

Regarding the kidneys:

a) there are 1.3 million nephrons in each kidney and more blood flows through the renal cortex than the renal medulla;

b) they produce aldosterone;

c) they receive 12% of the cardiac output at rest;

d) the blood flow through the renal cortex is lower compared to that in the renal medulla;

e) they secrete natriuretic peptide.

Regarding the kidneys:

a) there are 1.3 million nephrons in each kidney and more blood flows through the renal cortex than the renal medulla;

b) they produce aldosterone;

c) they receive 12% of the cardiac output at rest;

d) the blood flow through the renal cortex is lower compared to that in the renal medulla;

e) they secrete natriuretic peptide.

During physiological intake of water and salts:

a) osmotic pressure of ECF is higer than is ICF;

b) osmotic pressure of ICF is higer than is ECF;

c) osmotic pressure of ECF is equal to those is ICF;

d) the volume of ECF is higer then those of ICF;

e) none of them.

During physiological intake of water and salts:

a) osmotic pressure of ECF is higer than is ICF;

b) osmotic pressure of ICF is higer than is ECF;

c) osmotic pressure of ECF is equal to those is ICF;

d) the volume of ECF is higer then those of ICF;

e) none of them.

During hyperventilation is observed:

a) metabolic acidosis;

b) respiratory acidosis;

c) metabolic alcolosis;

d) respiratory alcolosis;

e) isohydria.

During hyperventilation is observed:

a) metabolic acidosis;

b) respiratory acidosis;

c) metabolic alcolosis;

d) respiratory alcolosis;

e) isohydria.

The glomerular capillaries have the following functions:

a) blood plasma filtration and formation of primary urine;

b) hormone secretion;

c) water secretion;

d) formation of primary urine;

e) dip into the medullary pyramids alongside the loops of Henle.

The glomerular capillaries have the following functions:

a) blood plasma filtration and formation of primary urine;

b) hormone secretion;

c) water secretion;

d) formation of primary urine;

e) dip into the medullary pyramids alongside the loops of Henle.

During hypoventilation is observed:

a) metabolic acidosis;

b) respiratory acidosis;

c) metabolic alcolosis;

d) respiratory alcolosis;

e) isohydria.

During hypoventilation is observed:

a) metabolic acidosis;

b) respiratory acidosis;

c) metabolic alcolosis;

d) respiratory alcolosis;

e) isohydria.

The renal blood flow:

a) doesn't depend on autoregulation;

b) is regulated by metabolites produced in the kidneys;

c) is not connected with the autoregulation of the glomerular filtration;

d) is autoregulated and is closely related to the autoregulation of the glomerular filtration;

e) doesn't influence the metabolic processes in the kidneys.

The renal blood flow:

a) doesn't depend on autoregulation;

b) is regulated by metabolites produced in the kidneys;

c) is not connected with the autoregulation of the glomerular filtration;

d) is autoregulated and is closely related to the autoregulation of the glomerular filtration;

e) doesn't influence the metabolic processes in the kidneys.

Which of the following substances has a clearance equal to the renal plasma flow?

а) РАН

b) glucose;

c) urea;

d) water;

e) inulin.

Which of the following substances has a clearance equal to the renal plasma flow?

а) РАН = Para-animohippuric acid

b) glucose;

c) urea;

d) water;

e) inulin.

In kidneys, the atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP):

a) decreases sodium and water excretion via urine;

b) increases sodium and water excretion via urine;

c) stimulates the secretion of renin;

d) stimulates the secretion of aldosterone;

e) has no effect.

In kidneys, the atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP):

a) decreases sodium and water excretion via urine;

b) increases sodium and water excretion via urine;

c) stimulates the secretion of renin;

d) stimulates the secretion of aldosterone;

e) has no effect.

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is decreased when:

a) renal blood flow is high;

b) renal blood flow is low and afferent arteriolar tone is high;

c) renal blood flow is high and efferent arteriolar tone is low;

d) renal blood flow is high and efferent arteriolar tone is high;

e) effective filtration surface area is increased.

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is decreased when:

a) renal blood flow is high;

b) renal blood flow is low and afferent arteriolar tone is high;

c) renal blood flow is high and efferent arteriolar tone is low;

d) renal blood flow is high and efferent arteriolar tone is high;

e) effective filtration surface area is increased.

Water excretion by the kidney is due to:

a) osmosis;

b) active transport into the lumen;

c) passive secretion in the collecting tubules;

d) solvent drag;

e) facilitated diffusion.

Water excretion by the kidney is due to:

a) osmosis;

b) active transport into the lumen;

c) passive secretion in the collecting tubules;

d) solvent drag;

e) facilitated diffusion.

Kidneys produce:

a) erythropoietin;

b) ADH;

c) angiotensin II;

d) ANP;

e) cholecalciferol.

Kidneys produce:

a) erythropoietin;

b) ADH;

c) angiotensin II;

d) ANP;

e) cholecalciferol.

Increase in GFR occurs when there is:

a) increased sympathetic stimulation;

b) decreased renal blood flow;

c) hypoproteinaemia;

d) ureteric obstruction;

e) none of the above.

Increase in GFR occurs when there is:

a) increased sympathetic stimulation;

b) decreased renal blood flow;

c) hypoproteinaemia;

d) ureteric obstruction;

e) none of the above.

In kidneys, the cortisol:

a) reduces glomerular filtration;

b) increases glomerular filtration;

c) decreases the renal vascular resistance;

d) decreases the secretion of renin;

e) inhibits diuresis.

In kidneys, the cortisol:

a) reduces glomerular filtration;

b) increases glomerular filtration;

c) decreases the renal vascular resistance;

d) decreases the secretion of renin;

e) inhibits diuresis.

The volume of primary urine per 24 hours is about:

a) 1000 ml;

b) 180 L;

c) 18 L;

d) 50 L;

e) 8 L.

The volume of primary urine per 24 hours is about:

a) 1000 ml;

b) 180 L;

c) 18 L;

d) 50 L;

e) 8 L.

All factors mentioned below trigger the thirst except:

a) plasma osmolality over 295 mOsm.kg^-1;

b) angiotensin II;

c) antidiuretic hormone (ADH);

d) hypervolemia;

e) dry mucosa in the mouth.

All factors mentioned below trigger the thirst except:

a) plasma osmolality over 295 mOsm.kg^-1;

b) angiotensin II;

c) antidiuretic hormone (ADH);

d) hypervolemia;

e) dry mucosa in the mouth.

The countercurrent exchange system includes:

a) glomerulus and macula densa;

b) proximal convoluted tubule and distal convoluted tubule;

c) loop of Henle and collecting tubule;

d) afferent arteriole and efferent arteriole;

e) ureters and bladder.

The countercurrent exchange system includes:

a) glomerulus and macula densa;

b) proximal convoluted tubule and distal convoluted tubule;

c) loop of Henle and collecting tubule;

d) afferent arteriole and efferent arteriole;

e) ureters and bladder.

In kidneys, the nitric oxide (NO):

a) increases the renal vascular resistance;

b) stimulates the absorption of Na+ in the collecting ducts;

c) suppresses the absorption of Na+ in the distal tubule and stimulates the secretion of renin;

d) reduces the secretion of renin;

e) increases the reabsorption of water triggered by antidiuretic hormone.

In kidneys, the nitric oxide (NO):

a) increases the renal vascular resistance;

b) stimulates the absorption of Na+ in the collecting ducts;

c) suppresses the absorption of Na+ in the distal tubule and stimulates the secretion of renin;

d) reduces the secretion of renin;

e) increases the reabsorption of water triggered by antidiuretic hormone.

The renal clearance of a substance (C_x):

a) is inversely related to its urinary concentration (U_x);

b) is directly related to the rate of urine formation, and is expressed in units of volume per unit time;

c) is directly related to its plasma concentration (P_x);

d) is expressed in mm Hg;

e) must fall in the presence of metabolic poisons.

The renal clearance of a substance (C_x):

a) is inversely related to its urinary concentration (U_x);

b) is directly related to the rate of urine formation, and is expressed in units of volume per unit time;

c) is directly related to its plasma concentration (P_x);

d) is expressed in mm Hg;

e) must fall in the presence of metabolic poisons.

In the fluid in the distal part of the proximal convoluted tubule:

a) urea concentration is higher than in Bowman's capsule;

b) pH is less than 6 when the kidneys are excreting an acid urine;

c) glucose concentration is similar to that in plasma;

d) osmolality is about 25 per cent that of glomerular filtrate;

e) bicarbonate concentration is higher than in plasma.

In the fluid in the distal part of the proximal convoluted tubule:

a) urea concentration is higher than in Bowman's capsule;

b) pH is less than 6 when the kidneys are excreting an acid urine;

c) glucose concentration is similar to that in plasma;

d) osmolality is about 25 per cent that of glomerular filtrate;

e) bicarbonate concentration is higher than in plasma.

When water absorption is stimulated, the result is:

a) water diuresis;

b) osmotic diuresis;

c) antidiuresis;

d) high volume of final urine with low concentration of the dissolved substances;

e) high volume of final urine with high concentration of the dissolved substances.

When water absorption is stimulated, the result is:

a) water diuresis;

b) osmotic diuresis;

c) antidiuresis;

d) high volume of final urine with low concentration of the dissolved substances;

e) high volume of final urine with high concentration of the dissolved substances.

In the kidneys, bradykinin:

a) has expressed vasoconstriction and stimulates the reabsorption of Na+ in the distal tubules;

b) has well expressed vasodilation effect and suppresses the absorption of Na+ in the distal tubules;

c) has expressed vasodilation effect and suppresses the absorption of Na+ in the proximal tubules;

d) inhibits diuresis;

e) inhibit the renal perfusion.

In the kidneys, bradykinin:

a) has expressed vasoconstriction and stimulates the reabsorption of Na+ in the distal tubules;

b) has well expressed vasodilation effect and suppresses the absorption of Na+ in the distal tubules;

c) has expressed vasodilation effect and suppresses the absorption of Na+ in the proximal tubules;

d) inhibits diuresis;

e) inhibit the renal perfusion.

The effects of endothelin-1 on the renal tubules are:

a) increase of the effect of antidiuretic hormone on the reabsorption of water in the collecting duct and decreased diuresis;

b) stimulation of renin and aldosterone secretion;

c) reduction of atrial sodium uretic peptide secretion;

d) stimulation of diuresis and excretion of sodium;

e) decreased vascular resistance and increased cortical blood flow.

The effects of endothelin-1 on the renal tubules are:

a) increase of the effect of antidiuretic hormone on the reabsorption of water in the collecting duct and decreased diuresis;

b) stimulation of renin and aldosterone secretion;

c) reduction of atrial sodium uretic peptide secretion;

d) stimulation of diuresis and excretion of sodium;

e) decreased vascular resistance and increased cortical blood flow.

When a patient's mean arterial blood pressure falls by 50%:

a) renal blood flow increases;

b) glomerular filtration increases;

c) there is a decrease in the circulating aldosterone level;

d) renal vasoconstriction occurs;

e) urinary output is increased.

When a patient's mean arterial blood pressure falls by 50%:

a) renal blood flow increases;

b) glomerular filtration increases;

c) there is a decrease in the circulating aldosterone level;

d) renal vasoconstriction occurs;

e) urinary output is increased.

The cells of the distal convoluted tubule:

a) reabsorb about 50% of the water filtered by the glomeruli;

b) reabsorb all filtered aminoacide;

c) reabsorb all filtered proteins;

d) reabsorb sodium in exchange for hydrogen or potassium ions;

e) determine the final composition of urine.

The cells of the distal convoluted tubule:

a) reabsorb about 50% of the water filtered by the glomeruli;

b) reabsorb all filtered aminoacide;

c) reabsorb all filtered proteins;

d) reabsorb sodium in exchange for hydrogen or potassium ions;

e) determine the final composition of urine.

The excretion of xenobiotics in the kidneys is carried out by:

a) filtration or filtration and additional reabsorption in the distal tubule;

b) filtration or filtration and additional secretion in the distal tubule;

c) filtration or filtration and additional secretion in the proximal tubule;

d) secretion in the collecting duct;

e) filtration and additional absorption in the proximal tubule.

The excretion of xenobiotics in the kidneys is carried out by:

a) filtration or filtration and additional reabsorption in the distal tubule;

b) filtration or filtration and additional secretion in the distal tubule;

c) filtration or filtration and additional secretion in the proximal tubule;

d) secretion in the collecting duct;

e) filtration and additional absorption in the proximal tubule.

Urea:

a) and glucose have different molar concentrations in normal blood;

b) clearance is higher, than creatinin's one;

c) is actively secreted by the renal tubular cells into the tubular fluid;

d) concentration in blood may rise ten-fold after a high protein meal;

e) stimulates diuresis when its blood concentration is increased.

Urea:

a) and glucose have different molar concentrations in normal blood;

b) clearance is higher, than creatinin's one;

c) is actively secreted by the renal tubular cells into the tubular fluid;

d) concentration in blood may rise ten-fold after a high protein meal;

e) stimulates diuresis when its blood concentration is increased.

The renal clearance of:

a) inulin provides the estimation of glomerular filtration rate.

b) chloride increases after an injection of aldosterone.

c) PAH falls when the PAH load exceeds the Tm for PAH;

d) urea is higher than that of inulin;

e) inulin is dependent of its plasma concentration.

The renal clearance of:

a) inulin provides the estimation of glomerular filtration rate.

b) chloride increases after an injection of aldosterone.

c) PAH falls when the PAH load exceeds the Tm for PAH;

d) urea is higher than that of inulin;

e) inulin is dependent of its plasma concentration.

Aldosterone:

a) is a steroid hormone, secreted by the adrenal medulla;

b) production ceases following removal of the kidneys and their juxtaglomerular cells;

c) production decreases in treatment with drugs which block angiotensin-converting enzyme;

d) secretion results in increased potassium reabsorption by the nephron;

e) secretion results in increased plasma volume.

Aldosterone:

a) is a steroid hormone, secreted by the adrenal medulla;

b) production ceases following removal of the kidneys and their juxtaglomerular cells;

c) production decreases in treatment with drugs which block angiotensin-converting enzyme;

d) secretion results in increased potassium reabsorption by the nephron;

e) secretion results in increased plasma volume.

In the kidneys, over 70% of the filtrated Na+ is:

a) secreted in the proximal tubule via passive transport;

b) secreted in the proximal tubule with energy expenditure;

c) reabsorbed in the proximal tubule via basolateral active transport;

d) secreted in the proximal tubule via basolateral absorption in the proximal tubule via basolateral active transport;

e) secreted in the collecting duct passively.

In the kidneys, over 70% of the filtrated Na+ is:

a) secreted in the proximal tubule via passive transport;

b) secreted in the proximal tubule with energy expenditure;

c) reabsorbed in the proximal tubule via basolateral active transport;

d) secreted in the proximal tubule via basolateral absorption in the proximal tubule via basolateral active transport;

e) secreted in the collecting duct passively.

The renal clearance:

a) of glucose is above 0, if the plasma concentration of a given substance is below 11 mmol.L^-1

b) of urea is higher than creatinin's one;

c) of glucose provides an estimate of renal plasma flow;

d) of phosphate is decreased by parathormone;

e) of proteins is normally zero.

The renal clearance:

a) of glucose is above 0, if the plasma concentration of a given substance is below 11 mmol.L^-1

b) of urea is higher than creatinin's one;

c) of glucose provides an estimate of renal plasma flow;

d) of phosphate is decreased by parathormone;

e) of proteins is normally zero.

Secretion of renin:

a) occurs in the stomach during infancy.

b) is stimulated by the hormone angiotensin I.

c) is stimulated by a fall in extracellular fluid volume and leads to raised levels of angiotensin II in the blood;

d) inhibits the secretion of aldosterone;

e) inhibits ACTH secretion by the pituitary gland.

Secretion of renin:

a) occurs in the stomach during infancy.

b) is stimulated by the hormone angiotensin I.

c) is stimulated by a fall in extracellular fluid volume and leads to raised levels of angiotensin II in the blood;

d) inhibits the secretion of aldosterone;

e) inhibits ACTH secretion by the pituitary gland.

In kidneys potassium is:

a) filtrated and secreted in the proximal tubule mainly via paracellular transport;

b) filtrated freely and reabsorbed the proximal tubule mainly via paracellular transport;

c) filtered freely and reabsorbed via symport with Na+ in the distal tubule;

d) filtered freely and reabsorbed in the proximal tubule mainly via symport with Na+.

e) filtrated freely and reabsorbed in the collecting duct mainly via paracellular transport.

In kidneys potassium is:

a) filtrated and secreted in the proximal tubule mainly via paracellular transport;

b) filtrated freely and reabsorbed the proximal tubule mainly via paracellular transport;

c) filtered freely and reabsorbed via symport with Na+ in the distal tubule;

d) filtered freely and reabsorbed in the proximal tubule mainly via symport with Na+.

e) filtrated freely and reabsorbed in the collecting duct mainly via paracellular transport.

Long-standing obstruction of the urethra may cause:

a) enlargement of the prostate gland;

b) dystrophy of the bladder muscle;

c) dilation of the ureters and reduction of the glomerular filtration rate;

d) increase and reduction of the glomerular filtration rate;

e) a decrease in residual volume in the bladder.

Long-standing obstruction of the urethra may cause:

a) enlargement of the prostate gland;

b) dystrophy of the bladder muscle;

c) dilation of the ureters and reduction of the glomerular filtration rate;

d) increase and reduction of the glomerular filtration rate;

e) a decrease in residual volume in the bladder.

Emptying of the urinary bladder may be less effective if:

a) the sympathetic nerves carrying afferent information from bladder to the spinal cord are cut;

b) the pelvic nerves are cut or anticholinergic drugs are administered;

c) cholinergic agonists are administered;

d) alpha-adrenergic receptor antagonists are administered;

e) beta-adrenergic receptor blockers are administered.

Emptying of the urinary bladder may be less effective if:

a) the sympathetic nerves carrying afferent information from bladder to the spinal cord are cut;

b) the pelvic nerves are cut or anticholinergic drugs are administered;

c) cholinergic agonists are administered;

d) alpha-adrenergic receptor antagonists are administered;

e) beta-adrenergic receptor blockers are administered.

Bicarbonate, phosphate and ammonia buffer systems are:

a) cellular buffer systems;

b) elements of renal regulation of pH;

c) elements of respiratory regulation of pH;

d) systems for maintaining optimal pH of the stomach;

e) enzyme systems of digestion.

Bicarbonate, phosphate and ammonia buffer systems are:

a) cellular buffer systems;

b) elements of renal regulation of pH;

c) elements of respiratory regulation of pH;

d) systems for maintaining optimal pH of the stomach;

e) enzyme systems of digestion.

In all cases mentioned below there is metabolic alkalosis except:

a) in uremia;

b) in severe vomiting;

c) in hyper aldosteronism;

d) in case of intake of NaHCO₃^-

e) in case of prolonged treatment with some diuretics.

In all cases mentioned below there is metabolic alkalosis except:

a) in uremia;

b) in severe vomiting;

c) in hyper aldosteronism;

d) in case of intake of NaHCO₃^-

e) in case of prolonged treatment with some diuretics.

A patient with chronic renal failure usually has:

a) a decreased blood uric acid;

b) an increased blood urea and blood uric acid;

c) an increased creatinine clearance;

d) an increased acid-base disturbance when he or she vomits;

e) an increased acid-base problem on a low protein diet.

A patient with chronic renal failure usually has:

a) a decreased blood uric acid;

b) an increased blood urea and blood uric acid;

c) an increased creatinine clearance;

d) an increased acid-base disturbance when he or she vomits;

e) an increased acid-base problem on a low protein diet.

Cutting the sympathetic nerves to the urinary bladder may cause:

a) difficulty in emptying the bladder;

b) loss of tone in the internal sphincter of the bladder and loss of pain sensation in the bladder;

c) loss of tone in the external sphincter of the bladder;

d) increased pain sensation in the bladder;

e) infertility in the female.

Cutting the sympathetic nerves to the urinary bladder may cause:

a) difficulty in emptying the bladder;

b) loss of tone in the internal sphincter of the bladder and loss of pain sensation in the bladder;

c) loss of tone in the external sphincter of the bladder;

d) increased pain sensation in the bladder;

e) infertility in the female.

A long-standing increase in arterial pCO₂ (respiratory acidosis) leads to:

a) an increase in renal bicarbonate formation;

b) a decrease in urinary ammonium salts;

c) a decrease in plasma potassium concentration;

d) an increase of the mono-hydrogen/di-hydrogen phosphate ratio in urine;

e) a decrease in urinary bicarbonate excretion.

A long-standing increase in arterial pCO₂ (respiratory acidosis) leads to:

a) an increase in renal bicarbonate formation;

b) a decrease in urinary ammonium salts;

c) a decrease in plasma potassium concentration;

d) an increase of the mono-hydrogen/di-hydrogen phosphate ratio in urine;

e) a decrease in urinary bicarbonate excretion.

The inhibition of the antidiuretic hormone (ADH) by alcohol, would have the following effect:

a) constriction of the afferent arteriole;

b) inhibition of diuresis;

c) stimulation of water conservation;

d) constriction of the efferent arteriole;

e) reduction in water reabsorption by the kidneys.

The inhibition of the antidiuretic hormone (ADH) by alcohol, would have the following effect:

a) constriction of the afferent arteriole;

b) inhibition of diuresis;

c) stimulation of water conservation;

d) constriction of the efferent arteriole;

e) reduction in water reabsorption by the kidneys.

Reabsorption of amino acids from the filtrate requires many different protein carriers because:

a) denaturation may occur;

b) this transport is not competitive;

c) there are only 10 different amino acids;

d) transport of amino acids is typically highly specific;

e) glucose inhibits amino acid transport.

Reabsorption of amino acids from the filtrate requires many different protein carriers because:

a) denaturation may occur;

b) this transport is not competitive;

c) there are only 10 different amino acids;

d) transport of amino acids is typically highly specific;

e) glucose inhibits amino acid transport.

Reabsorption (transport) of both Na+ and glucose together from the renal lumen is an example of:

a) facilitated diffusion;

b) secondary passive transport;

c) primary direct active transport;

d) secondary indirect active antiport;

e) secondary indirect active symport.

Reabsorption (transport) of both Na+ and glucose together from the renal lumen is an example of:

a) facilitated diffusion;

b) secondary passive transport;

c) primary direct active transport;

d) secondary indirect active antiport;

e) secondary indirect active symport.

Drinking a litre of water:

a) increases secretion of antidiuretic hormone;

b) reduces the plasma sodium concentration;

c) increases osmolarity of the urine;

d) causes body cells to shrink;

e) decreases the specific gravity of the body.

Drinking a litre of water:

a) increases secretion of antidiuretic hormone;

b) reduces the plasma sodium concentration;

c) increases osmolarity of the urine;

d) causes body cells to shrink;

e) decreases the specific gravity of the body.

An acid-base buffer system:

a) can be a mixture of a weak acid and its conjugate base;

b) can be a solution of sodium and bicarbonate ions;

c) prevents any change in pH when acid is added;

d) works best when acid and base are equal in concentration;

e) is hemoglobin as an example of intracelular buffer.

An acid-base buffer system:

a) can be a mixture of a weak acid and its conjugate base;

b) can be a solution of sodium and bicarbonate ions;

c) prevents any change in pH when acid is added;

d) works best when acid and base are equal in concentration;

e) is hemoglobin as an example of intracelular buffer.

Acidosis in a patient may lead to:

a) increased urinary excretion of potassium.

b) hypoventilation.

c) a blood pH of less than 5.5.

d) an urinary pH of less than 5.5.

e) tetany.

Acidosis in a patient may lead to:

a) increased urinary excretion of potassium.

b) hypoventilation.

c) a blood pH of less than 5.5.

d) an urinary pH of less than 5.5.

e) tetany.

A rise in the osmolality of extracellular fluid may lead to:

a) thirst and release of vasopressin;

b) increased water reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubules;

c) a decrease of vasopressin secretion;

d) an increase in intracellular fluid volume;

e) suppression of sweat secretion.

A rise in the osmolality of extracellular fluid may lead to:

a) thirst and release of vasopressin;

b) increased water reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubules;

c) a decrease of vasopressin secretion;

d) an increase in intracellular fluid volume;

e) suppression of sweat secretion.

Raised blood pH and bicarbonate level are consistent with:

a) metabolic acidosis;

b) partly compensated respiratory alkalosis;

c) a reduced pCO₂;

d) chronic renal failure with a raised pCO₂;

e) a history of persistent vomiting of gastric contents.

Raised blood pH and bicarbonate level are consistent with:

a) metabolic acidosis;

b) partly compensated respiratory alkalosis;

c) a reduced pCO₂;

d) chronic renal failure with a raised pCO₂;

e) a history of persistent vomiting of gastric contents.

A patient with partly compensated respiratory acidosis:

a) must have a raised pCO₂;

b) must have a raised bicarbonate concentration [HCO₃^-]

c) may have evidence of renal compensation .;

d) may have respiratory failure due to hypoventilation;

e) all of the above.

A patient with partly compensated respiratory acidosis:

a) must have a raised pCO₂;

b) must have a raised bicarbonate concentration [HCO₃^-]

c) may have evidence of renal compensation .;

d) may have respiratory failure due to hypoventilation;

e) all of the above.

Sodium retention:

a) occurs for several days after major surgery;

b) expands the extracellular fluid volume;

c) expands the blood volume;

d) increases the severity of oedema;

e) all of the above.

Sodium retention:

a) occurs for several days after major surgery;

b) expands the extracellular fluid volume;

c) expands the blood volume;

d) increases the severity of oedema;

e) all of the above.

Alkalosis occurs when:

a) pH ≤ 7.35;

b) pH of the arterial blood is ≥ 7.45;

c) there is an increase in the concentration of H+;

d) pH of the arterial blood is ≥ 7.00;

e) there is no correct answer.

Alkalosis occurs when:

a) pH ≤ 7.35;

b) pH of the arterial blood is ≥ 7.45;

c) there is an increase in the concentration of H+;

d) pH of the arterial blood is ≥ 7.00;

e) there is no correct answer.

In concern with hydrogen carbonic buffer system, according to Henderson-Hasselbach equation:

a) pH increases when HCO₃^- concentration increases;

b) pH increases when CO₂ tension increases;

c) pH decreases when HCO₃^- concentration increases;

d) pH decreases when CO₂ tension increases;

e) pH decreases when CO₂ tension increases and increases when HCO₃^- concentration increases.

In concern with hydrogen carbonic buffer system, according to Henderson-Hasselbach equation:

a) pH increases when HCO₃^- concentration increases;

b) pH increases when CO₂ tension increases;

c) pH decreases when HCO₃^- concentration increases;

d) pH decreases when CO₂ tension increases;

e) pH decreases when CO₂ tension increases and increases when HCO₃^- concentration increases.

Raised level of calcium in the blood (hypercalcaemia):

a) may occur when parathyroid activity decreases;

b) may occur when the plasma protein level falls;

c) may occur in chronic renal failure;

d) increases the risk of stone formation in the urinary tract;

e) causes increased excitability of nerve and muscle.

Raised level of calcium in the blood (hypercalcaemia):

a) may occur when parathyroid activity decreases;

b) may occur when the plasma protein level falls;

c) may occur in chronic renal failure;

d) increases the risk of stone formation in the urinary tract;

e) causes increased excitability of nerve and muscle.

Thirst is stimulated by:

a) increase in plasma osmolality and volume;

b) increase in plasma osmolality and decrease in volume;

c) decrease in osmolality and increase in volume;

d) decrease in plasma osmolality and volume;

e) increase in intracelular volume.

Thirst is stimulated by:

a) increase in plasma osmolality and volume;

b) increase in plasma osmolality and decrease in volume;

c) decrease in osmolality and increase in volume;

d) decrease in plasma osmolality and volume;

e) increase in intracelular volume.

The reference interval of plasma osmolarity is:

a) 190 - 200 mOsm.L^-1;

b) 120 ml·min^-1;

c) 280 - 285 mOsm.L^-1;

d) 7.36 - 7.44 pH;

e) 1100 - 1200 mOsm·kg^-1.

The reference interval of plasma osmolarity is:

a) 190 - 200 mOsm.L^-1;

b) 120 ml·min^-1;

c) 280 - 285 mOsm.L^-1;

d) 7.36 - 7.44 pH;

e) 1100 - 1200 mOsm·kg^-1.

Urea:

a) in the urine doesn't depend on the amount of proteins in the diet;

b) doesn't contribute to the establishment of the osmotic gradient in the medullary pyramids and to the formation of concentrated urine in the collecting ducts;

c) contributes to the establishment of the osmotic gradient in the medullary pyramids and to the formation of concentrated urine in the collecting ducts;

d) in the urine doesn't vary with the amount of urea filtered;

e) transport is not mediated by urea transporters.

Urea:

a) in the urine doesn't depend on the amount of proteins in the diet;

b) doesn't contribute to the establishment of the osmotic gradient in the medullary pyramids and to the formation of concentrated urine in the collecting ducts;

c) contributes to the establishment of the osmotic gradient in the medullary pyramids and to the formation of concentrated urine in the collecting ducts;

d) in the urine doesn't vary with the amount of urea filtered;

e) transport is not mediated by urea transporters.

All but except one are followed by thirst:

a) plasma osmolality above 295 mOsm·kg^-1;

b) angiotensin II;

c) ADH;

d) hypervolemia;

e) dry oral mucosa.

All but except one are followed by thirst:

a) plasma osmolality above 295 mOsm·kg^-1;

b) angiotensin II;

c) ADH;

d) hypervolemia;

e) dry oral mucosa.

The volume of ECF is regulated by:

a) the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system;

b) atrial nauriuretic peptide;

c) catheholamines;

d) sympathetic division of the ANS;

e) all of the above.

The volume of ECF is regulated by:

a) the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system;

b) atrial nauriuretic peptide;

c) catheholamines;

d) sympathetic division of the ANS;

e) all of the above.

For the buffer capacity of the blood of highest significance is the:

a) haemoglobin buffer system;

b) protein buffer system;

c) phosphate buffer system;

d) hydrogen carbonate buffer system;

e) ammonia buffer system.

For the buffer capacity of the blood of highest significance is the:

a) haemoglobin buffer system;

b) protein buffer system;

c) phosphate buffer system;

d) hydrogen carbonate buffer system;

e) ammonia buffer system.

All statements about ADH are correct, except the following:

a) ADH is secreted by the posterior pituitary;

b) ADH secretion is regulated by plasma osmolality;

c) ADH increases the tubular reabsorption of K+;

d) ADH increases reabsorption of water in the distal and collecting tubules;

e) ADH is synthesized in the hypothalamus.

All statements about ADH are correct, except the following:

a) ADH is secreted by the posterior pituitary;

b) ADH secretion is regulated by plasma osmolality;

c) ADH increases the tubular reabsorption of K+;

d) ADH increases reabsorption of water in the distal and collecting tubules;

e) ADH is synthesized in the hypothalamus.

H+ ions are secreted:

a) in the ascending limb of Henle;

b) in the proximal tubule;

c) along the nephron parallel with the reabsorption of HCO₃^- ions;

d) in the descending limb of Henle;

e) collecting tubule.

H+ ions are secreted:

a) in the ascending limb of Henle;

b) in the proximal tubule;

c) along the nephron parallel with the reabsorption of HCO₃^- ions;

d) in the descending limb of Henle;

e) collecting tubule.

Most of the filtrated calcium is:

a) secreted in the collecting ducts;

b) passively reabsorbed in the proximal tubules;

c) reabsorbed in the collecting ducts;

d) reabsorbed in connection with the secretion of H+;

e) reabsorbed parallel to HCO₃^- along the whole nephron.

Most of the filtrated calcium is:

a) secreted in the collecting ducts;

b) passively reabsorbed in the proximal tubules;

c) reabsorbed in the collecting ducts;

d) reabsorbed in connection with the secretion of H+;

e) reabsorbed parallel to HCO₃^- along the whole nephron.

The secretion of H+ in the tubular fluid is achieved by:

a) osmosis and diffusion;

b) diffusion and primary active transport;

c) primary and secondary active transport;

d) secondary active transport;

e) diffusion only.

The secretion of H+ in the tubular fluid is achieved by:

a) osmosis and diffusion;

b) diffusion and primary active transport;

c) primary and secondary active transport;

d) secondary active transport;

e) diffusion only.

In acidosis, the kidneys:

a) increase the excretion of H+ and HCO₃^-;

b) decrease the excretion of H+ and increase the reabsorbtion of HCO₃^-;

c) increase the excretion of H+ and reabsorbtion of HCO₃^-;

d) decrease the excretion of H+ and reabsorbtion of HCO₃^-;

e) none of the above.

In acidosis, the kidneys:

a) increase the excretion of H+ and HCO₃^-;

b) decrease the excretion of H+ and increase the reabsorbtion of HCO₃^-;

c) increase the excretion of H+ and reabsorbtion of HCO₃^-;

d) decrease the excretion of H+ and reabsorbtion of HCO₃^-;

e) none of the above.

In alcalosis, the kidneys:

a) decrease the excretion of H+ and increase the reabsorbtion of HCO₃^-;

b) decrease the excretion of H+;

c) decrease the indirect reabsorbtion of HCO₃^-;

d) increase the indirect reabsorbtion of HCO₃^-;

e) decrease the excretion of H+ and increase the excretion of HCO₃^-;

In alcalosis, the kidneys:

a) decrease the excretion of H+ and increase the reabsorbtion of HCO₃^-;

b) decrease the excretion of H+;

c) decrease the indirect reabsorbtion of HCO₃^-;

d) increase the indirect reabsorbtion of HCO₃^-;

e) decrease the excretion of H+ and increase the excretion of HCO₃^-;

The formation of the final urine is due to:

a) filtration, diffusion and secretion;

b) reabsorbtion, osmosis and diffusion;

c) glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorbtion and secretion;

d) filtration, secretion and paracrinia;

e) all of the above.

The formation of the final urine is due to:

a) filtration, diffusion and secretion;

b) reabsorbtion, osmosis and diffusion;

c) glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorbtion and secretion;

d) filtration, secretion and paracrinia;

e) all of the above.

Normal diuresis per 24h is about:

a) 500 ml;

b) 1.5 - 2 L;

c) 5 L;

d) 120 - 180 L.

e) 15 L.

Normal diuresis per 24h is about:

a) 500 ml;

b) 1.5 - 2 L;

c) 5 L;

d) 120 - 180 L.

e) 15 L.

The volume of plasma, totally cleared from a substance when passing through the kidneys per 1 minute (second) is called:

a) diuresis;

b) formation of final urine;

c) glomerular filtration;

d) transport maximum;

e) clearance.

The volume of plasma, totally cleared from a substance when passing through the kidneys per 1 minute (second) is called:

a) diuresis;

b) formation of final urine;

c) glomerular filtration;

d) transport maximum;

e) clearance.

The glomerular filtration is estimated via the clearance of:

а) РАНА;

b) glucose;

c) urea;

d) creatinin;

e) sodium.

The glomerular filtration is estimated via the clearance of:

а) РАНА;

b) glucose;

c) urea;

d) creatinin;

e) sodium.

The transport maximum (T_max) of glucose is:

a) 125 ml.min^-1;

b) 300 - 370 mg.min^-1;

c) 2.8 - 6.1 mmol.L^-1;

d) up to 11.1 mmol-L^-1;

e) none of the above.

The transport maximum (T_max) of glucose is:

a) 125 ml.min^-1;

b) 300 - 370 mg.min^-1;

c) 2.8 - 6.1 mmol.L^-1;

d) up to 11.1 mmol-L^-1;

e) none of the above.

If the clearance of a substance is higher than the clearance of inulin:

a) the substance is additionally reabsorbed in the tubules;

b) the substance is additionally secreted in the tubules;

c) the substance is either additionally reabsorbed or secreted;

d) the substance is transported with proteins in the tubules;

e) the substance is secreted in the proximal more than in the distal tubule.

If the clearance of a substance is higher than the clearance of inulin:

a) the substance is additionally reabsorbed in the tubules;

b) the substance is additionally secreted in the tubules;

c) the substance is either additionally reabsorbed or secreted;

d) the substance is transported with proteins in the tubules;

e) the substance is secreted in the proximal more than in the distal tubule.

If the clearance of a substance is lower than the clearance of inulin:

a) the substance is additionally reabsorbed in the tubules;

b) the substance is neither reabsorbed, neither secreted;

c) the substance is additionally secreted in the tubules;

d) the substance is co-transported with proteins in the tubules;

e) the substance is secreted in the proximal more than in the distal tubule.

If the clearance of a substance is lower than the clearance of inulin:

a) the substance is additionally reabsorbed in the tubules;

b) the substance is neither reabsorbed, neither secreted;

c) the substance is additionally secreted in the tubules;

d) the substance is co-transported with proteins in the tubules;

e) the substance is secreted in the proximal more than in the distal tubule.

The human kidneys can concentrate the final urine up to:

a) 100 mOsm.L^-1;

b) 120 mOsm.L^-1;

c) 295 mOsm.L^-1;

d) 7.36 - 7.44.L^-1;

e) 1200 mOsm.L^-1;

The human kidneys can concentrate the final urine up to:

a) 100 mOsm.L^-1;

b) 120 mOsm.L^-1;

c) 295 mOsm.L^-1;

d) 7.36 - 7.44.L^-1;

e) 1200 mOsm.L^-1;

The factors determining glomerular filtration are:

a) hemodynamic, colloid-osmotic pressures;

b) hemodynamic, reabsorptive pressures;

c) hemodynamic, colloid-osmotic, intracapsular pressures;

d) intraabdominal, hemodynamic, colloid-osmotic pressures;

e) filtration, reabsorptive pressures.

The factors determining glomerular filtration are:

a) hemodynamic, colloid-osmotic pressures;

b) hemodynamic, reabsorptive pressures;

c) hemodynamic, colloid-osmotic, intracapsular pressures;

d) intraabdominal, hemodynamic, colloid-osmotic pressures;

e) filtration, reabsorptive pressures.

What is specific about juxtaglomerular nephrons, is that:

a) the glomerules are located in the outer part of cortex;

b) have longer loops of Henle, reaching papilles;

c) their efferent arterioles give rise of peritubular capillary network;

d) the glomerules are located in the inner part of cortex (near medulla) and their efferent arterioles give rise of vasa recta in medulla;

e) there is no correct answer.

What is specific about juxtaglomerular nephrons, is that:

a) the glomerules are located in the outer part of cortex;

b) have longer loops of Henle, reaching papilles;

c) their efferent arterioles give rise of peritubular capillary network;

d) the glomerules are located in the inner part of cortex (near medulla) and their efferent arterioles give rise of vasa recta in medulla;

e) there is no correct answer.

Glomerular filtration will increase except:

a) the mean arterial blood pressure is above 180 mm Hg;

b) hypoproteinemia;

c) there is constriction of the afferent arteriole;

d) there is constriction of the efferent arteriole;

e) there is vasodilation.

Glomerular filtration will increase except:

a) the mean arterial blood pressure is above 180 mm Hg;

b) hypoproteinemia;

c) there is constriction of the afferent arteriole;

d) there is constriction of the efferent arteriole;

e) there is vasodilation.

What is the percentage of water reabsorbed in the tubules, under the control of ADH?

a) 100%;

b) 85%;

c) 50%;

d) 15%;

e) 0%.

What is the percentage of water reabsorbed in the tubules, under the control of ADH?

a) 100%;

b) 85%;

c) 50%;

d) 15%;

e) 0%.

In all mentioned bellow cases a metabolic acidosis can be find except:

a) diabetes mellitus;

b) severe diarrhea;

c) intensive physical exercise;

d) severe vomiting;

e) renal failure.

In all mentioned bellow cases a metabolic acidosis can be find except:

a) diabetes mellitus;

b) severe diarrhea;

c) intensive physical exercise;

d) severe vomiting;

e) renal failure.

The volume of glomerular filtration is about:

a) 125 ml·min^-1 primary urine;

b) 600 - 700 ml·min^-1 primary urine;

c) 1200 - 1300 ml·min^-1 primary urine;

d) 5 L·min^-1 primary urine;

e) 170 L·min^-1 primary urine.

The volume of glomerular filtration is about:

a) 125 ml·min^-1 primary urine;

b) 600 - 700 ml·min^-1 primary urine;

c) 1200 - 1300 ml·min^-1 primary urine;

d) 5 L·min^-1 primary urine;

e) 170 L·min^-1 primary urine.

All statements about aldosterone are correct except:

a) is secreted by the adrenal cortex;

b) acts on distal and collective tubules;

c) increases the reabsorption of Na+;

d) increases the tubular reabsorption of K+;

e) its secretion is controlled by angiotensin II.

All statements about aldosterone are correct except:

a) is secreted by the adrenal cortex;

b) acts on distal and collective tubules;

c) increases the reabsorption of Na+;

d) increases the tubular reabsorption of K+;

e) its secretion is controlled by angiotensin II.

The human kidneys can dilute the final urine up to:

a) 120 ml min^-1;

b) 100 mOsm.L^-1;

c) 295 mOsm kg^-1;

d) 7.36 - 7.44 pH;

e) 1200 mOsm.L^-1.

The human kidneys can dilute the final urine up to:

a) 120 ml min^-1;

b) 100 mOsm.L^-1;

c) 295 mOsm kg^-1;

d) 7.36 - 7.44 pH;

e) 1200 mOsm.L^-1.

All the following substances are synthesized in the kidneys, except:

a) prostaglandines;

b) bradykinins;

c) ADH;

d) calcitriol;

e) renin.

All the following substances are synthesized in the kidneys, except:

a) prostaglandines;

b) bradykinins;

c) ADH;

d) calcitriol;

e) renin.

Which of the following are reabsorbed in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle:

a) Na+;

b) Mg2+;

c) Ca2+;

d) water;

e) H+.

Which of the following are reabsorbed in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle:

a) Na+;

b) Mg2+;

c) Ca2+;

d) water;

e) H+.

Which of the following is/are reabsorbed in the descending limb of the loop of Henle?

a) Na+;

b) Cl;

c) Ca2+;

d) K+;

e) water.

Which of the following is/are reabsorbed in the descending limb of the loop of Henle?

a) Na+;

b) Cl;

c) Ca2+;

d) K+;

e) water.

Which statement is correct:

a) the loop of Henle is permeable for salts and weakly permeable for water;

b) the descending limb of the loop of Henle is permeable for Na+ and K+ and weakly permeable for Cl^-;

c) the thick segment of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle is permeable for ions;

d) the ascending limb of the loop of Henle is permeable for water and weakly permeable for ions;

e) the descending limb of the loop of Henle is permeable for salts and weakly permeable for water.

Which statement is correct:

a) the loop of Henle is permeable for salts and weakly permeable for water;

b) the descending limb of the loop of Henle is permeable for Na+ and K+ and weakly permeable for Cl^-;

c) the thick segment of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle is permeable for ions;

d) the ascending limb of the loop of Henle is permeable for water and weakly permeable for ions;

e) the descending limb of the loop of Henle is permeable for salts and weakly permeable for water.

The concentration of the final urine is due to:

a) the countercurrent multiplying mechanism in the collecting tubule;

b) the countercurrent exchanger of peritubular capillary network;

c) the countercurrent multiplying mechanism in the loop of Henle and ADH;

d) the effective absorption pressure;

e) the glomerular filtration.

The concentration of the final urine is due to:

a) the countercurrent multiplying mechanism in the collecting tubule;

b) the countercurrent exchanger of peritubular capillary network;

c) the countercurrent multiplying mechanism in the loop of Henle and ADH;

d) the effective absorption pressure;

e) the glomerular filtration.

The secretion of renin is stimulated by:

a) increased parasympathetic tone;

b) increased sympathetic tone;

c) increased extracellular fluid;

d) decreased level of adrenalin;

e) increased Na+ in the tubular fluid.

The secretion of renin is stimulated by:

a) increased parasympathetic tone;

b) increased sympathetic tone;

c) increased extracellular fluid;

d) decreased level of adrenalin;

e) increased Na+ in the tubular fluid.

The atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) has the following effect/s:

a) increased absorption of Na+;

b) decreased excretion of Na+ and water;

c) increased excretion of Na+ passively followed by water and generalized vasodilatation;

d) decreased reabsorption of water;

e) generalized vasoconstriction.

The atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) has the following effect/s:

a) increased absorption of Na+;

b) decreased excretion of Na+ and water;

c) increased excretion of Na+ passively followed by water and generalized vasodilatation;

d) decreased reabsorption of water;

e) generalized vasoconstriction.

In the juxtaglomerular apparatus are found:

a) α-adrenergic receptors;

b) α2-adrenergetic receptors;

c) ß1-adrenergetic receptors;

d) ß2-adrenergetic receptors;

e) M1-cholinergic receptors.

In the juxtaglomerular apparatus are found:

a) α-adrenergic receptors;

b) α2-adrenergetic receptors;

c) ß1-adrenergetic receptors;

d) ß2-adrenergetic receptors;

e) M1-cholinergic receptors.

In osmotic diuresis:

a) the decrease in the volume of the final urine is due to solutes which are not absorbed in the renal tubules;

b) the increase in the volume of the final urine is due to solutes which are nor absorbed in the renal tubules;

c) the decrease in the volume of the final urine is due to water which is not absorbed;

d) the increased urine flow is due to increased water reabsorption;

e) the mechanisms do not differ from these in water diuresis.

In osmotic diuresis:

a) the decrease in the volume of the final urine is due to solutes which are not absorbed in the renal tubules;

b) the increase in the volume of the final urine is due to solutes which are nor absorbed in the renal tubules;

c) the decrease in the volume of the final urine is due to water which is not absorbed;

d) the increased urine flow is due to increased water reabsorption;

e) the mechanisms do not differ from these in water diuresis.

The secretion of less than 500 ml final urine per 24 hours is termed:

a) polyuria;

b) polydypsia;

c) oliguria;

d) anuria;

e) glucosuria.

The secretion of less than 500 ml final urine per 24 hours is termed:

a) polyuria;

b) polydypsia;

c) oliguria;

d) anuria;

e) glucosuria.