Gen Bio Exam 1 gaps

emergence

complex systems have properties that arise from the interactions of the parts, but cant happen in their individual components

Covalent bonds

two atoms sharing electrons

Polar covalent bonds

unequal sharing of electrons resulting in partial charges

Nonpolar covalent bonds

equal sharing of electrons between atoms of similar electronegativity

electronegativity

an atoms ability to attract shared electrons

noncovalent bonds

weaker interactions with no electron sharing

hydrogen bonds

partially positive hydrogen and partially negative atom

Ionic bonds

attraction between positive and negative charged ions

Van der Waals

weak interactions because of temporary charge differences

Bonds within a single water molecule

polar covalent bond between a hydrogen atom and an oxygen atom

Bonds between two water molecules

hydrogen bonds between hydrogen atoms and oxygen atoms

bonds between amino acids

peptide bonds

carbohydrates

short term energy; structural roles in some organisms

lipids

long term energy storage; major component of cell membranes

proteins

structural support, transport, signaling

biological macro molecule that catalyzes chemical reactions

proteins

nucleic acids

stores and transmits genetic information

phospholipid bilayer hydrophilic part

phosphate group

phospholipid bilayer hydrophobic part

fatty acid group

primary protein structure

nucleotide sequence

secondary protein structure

local folding alpha helix and beta sheets

tertiary protein structure

3d structure due to interactions between r groups

quaternary protein structure

interaction between multiple nucleotide sequences

protocells

early cell-like structures

protocell features

membrane-like boundary, simple internal chemistry, could grow and divide

living cell features

metabolism, genetic material, ability to reproduce, complex internal environment

lysosome

digests cell material and waste

ribosome

catalyzes peptide bond formation for protein synthesis

smooth er

detoxification and lipid formation

plasmodesmata

communication and transfer of material between plant cells

chloroplast

thylakoids for light interactions, photosynthesis

osmosis

diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to low water concentration

cell membrane components

cholesterol for membrane fluidity, phospholipids, proteins, carbohydrates

catabolic reactions

breaks down molecules and releases energy

catabolic reaction example

cell respiration

anabolic reaction

builds complex molecules and requires energy

anabolic reaction example

protein synthesis

cellular respiration goal

producing ATP

Glycolysis

occurs in cytoplasm, breaks down glucose

krebs cycle

occurs in mitochondria, generates electron carriers

electron transport chain

occurs in mitochondria, oxygen accepts electrons

what part of cell resp produces the most ATP

electron transport chain

photosynthesis reactants

carbon dioxide, water, light

photosynthesis products

glucose, oxygen

cell resp reactants

glucose and oxygen

cell resp products

carbon dioxide, water, ATP