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What are the two types of people
Rich and poor
What was the life of the poor like
Their life sucked- they were 95% of the population, and they looked forward to death (heaven)
In the RCC, how does one get to heaven
1) by being a church member 2) by obeying the church
Why was religious study difficult for the poor
A) services were spoken in Latin B) bibles were expensive C) many couldn’t read
How did the poor learn religion
Through symbolism, and following the teachings of the church
What were indulgences
They were documents purchased for forgiveness from sin
How did the RCC punish its members
Through excommunication
What is excommunication
When one is kicked from the RCC
What was life like for the rich
Life is good, they look forward to it’s rewards
How did the church control the rich
Because Europe was wholly dedicated to the RCC, the wealthy were threatened by bribery and excommunication- meaning a loss of business and the negation of contracts
What were the crusades
Military attempts declared by the pope where Western European Christians (WEC) to assist Eastern Christians in the fight to liberate the Holy Lands (Jerusalem) from Islamic control
How did the crusaders interpret themselves and what actually happened
They thought they were superior to Islam with God on their side, and so they would win, however, they LOST
What was the Impact of the crusades
1) An attitude adjustment at seeing a more advanced society 2) They rediscovered Greek culture 3) Trade increased with the increased interest in foreign life, generating wealth in the culture exchange 4) Church Power decreased, the became skeptical of indulgences and the notions of the church after their loss 5) The ruling class went to war and died, putting a strain of feudalism and the European government 6) The plague spread, causing a decrease in church authority, and an economic boom
Who was Lorenzo the Magnificent
A Medici who patroned the arts
Who was Petrarch
The philosopher who led thee humanist movement
What is individualism
The central theme of humanism where each person has their own importance and they should make every effort to reach their full potential and be successful in multiple walks of life
What are some ways the arts changed during the Renaissance
Secularism, realism, linear perspective, oil paint, etc
Who was Raphael
An artist who combined art with the Renaissance spirit in the School of Athens
Who is Michelangelo
The sculptor of his own PietĂ and David as well as the painter of the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel
Who was Da Vinci
The renaissance man known for how well rounded is was, painting the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper. His many talents included inventing, science, writing, painting, etc.
Who was Rembrandt
The Dutch northern renaissance artist known for his exquisite and dramatic use of light and shadow, and how he expressed life in his works
Who was Durer
Northern Renaissance painter, printmaker, and writer- known as the greatest German Renaissance artist, he painted human and animal bodies with extreme accuracy and detail
Who was Van Eyck
The Flemish Renaissance painter known for his use of oil medium, guving him the nickname as the Father of Oil Painting
Who was Gutenberg
The European creator of the mobile printing press, though it was created years earlier in China
Who was Sir Moore
Writer of Utopia, which showed a perfect society where people lived by Christian principles
Who was Thomas Aquinas
Writer of the Summa Theologica, which explained church beliefs
What is astrology
The attempts to predict events by watching stars this lead into astronomy
What is Alchemy
The search for a magic formula to turn lead to gold this evolved into modern chemistry
Who was Dante
The writer of the divine comedy, Inferno, which showed medieval piety and religious spirit of the time this was written in vernacular
What is vernacular
When something is written in a native language
Who was Machiavelli
The writer of the prince, in which he instructs rulers, on how to rule and stay in power one of his principles was the end justifies the means
Who was Chauncer
The writer of the Canterbury tales, which described English life and shaped the modern English language: vernacular
Who was Cervantes
The greatest Spanish writer, who wrote Don Quixote: vernacular
Who was Shakespeare
This English writer must the use of English language. He was a poet and playwright creating the works of Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, Othello, and many more.
What is Romanesque
The architectural style that features routed arches thick walls, and small windows
What is Gothic
The architectural style which features high arches, tall windows, and outside, supports, known as flying buttresses
What was Babylonian captivity
The time when the French pope ruled from France instead of Rome
What was the Great Schism
The point in time when the Catholic church had both the Italian pope, and the French pope who ruled from France lasting 40 years
What is the reformation
The performing of religion in Europe, new churches were founded
What are protestants
The protesters of the Catholic Church
Who was Erasmus
The leading, Christian humanist, who wrote praise of folly
Who was Wycliffe
An early religious reformer in England, who translated the Bible to vernacular in the 1380s
Who was Luther
The man who challenged the church to a debate, and wrote the 95 theses, thus beginning the reformation when he was excommunicated
What was the peace of Augsburg
A treaty, allowing local rulers, to decide what religion to accept for their land
Who was Calvin
The founder of the Calvinistic church, who believed in predestination
Who was Knox
The man who carried Calvinistic ideas to Scotland
Who was Henry the eighth
The king of England, who broke from the Catholic Church, creating the angelic church, personal and political reasons through his annulment with Catherine of Aragon
What was the counter reformation
The efforts by the Catholic Church to reform and recruit members when they were threatened by the reformation
What was the council of Trent
A committee given the task of making new policies for the Roman Catholic Church to follow
What were the reaffirming statements given by the council of Trent
A) the churches interpretation of the Bible is final no one else’s valid B) both faith and good deeds are needed for salvation C) the pope was the highest authority in the church and D) indulgences were bad, they would tighten Clergy control
Who was Vasco de gama
A Portuguese explorer who went around the tip of Africa
Who was Columbus
An explorer, who sailed from Europe to the Americas, discovering a New World for Spain though he didn’t know it at the time
Who was Cabot
A English explorer who explored New England coast lines
Who was Amerigo Vespucci
The name sake of the Americas. He wrote many letters and descriptions of the New World
Who was Cortez
The man who conquered the Aztec Empire
Who was Pizzaro
The man who conquered the Incan Empire
Who was Magellan
The first man to circumnavigate the world
What is triangular trade
Trade between Europe, Africa, and the New World
What is a mestizo
A person who is mixed Spanish and Native American
What is encomienda
An economic system with Native American laborers and Spanish landlords
Middle passage
The part of the voyage to the New World that took slaves from Africa to the Americas, this was very brutal and deadly
Colombian exchange
The global transfer of foods, plants, and animals between the Old and New Worlds
What are the three motives of exploration
God, Glory, and Gold. Spreading religion, attaining fame, getting resources and money
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