Essentials of Psychology: Chapter 8 - Motivation and Emotion

motivation

The influences that account for the initiation, direction, intensity, and persistence of behavior.

ledoux’s dual pathway model

1. stimulus

2. sensory (visual) info processed by thalamic amygdala “low road” pathway, allowing for quick response low accuracy

3. sensory info also passes through “high road” to sensory cortex for proper processing, slow response high accuracy

james lange theory

1. stimulus

2. heart pounds, hands tremble (phsyiological response)

3. feeling of fear

two-factor model of emotion

1. stimulus

2. physiological arousal

3. cognitive labelling of arousal “I must be scared/angry/etc.”

cannon-bard

1. stimulus

2. physiological and emotional sensations at same time

facial feedback hypothesis

idea that mimicking facial movements associated w emotion = that emotion

set point theory

brain mechanisms regulate body weight over a set point genetically

ventromedial hypothalamus

feeling full

lateral hypothalamus

initiates eating

maslow’s hierarchy of needs

physiological,safety, love, esteem, then self actualization at top

psychosocial needs

needs reflecting interpersonal motivation (friendship, achievement)

avoidance motivation

opposite of achievement, desire to avoid failure

stimulus motives

internal states prompting stimulation seeking/curiosity behavior

arousal theory

belief that whenever level of stimulation dips below optimal level, organism tries to increase it

Instinctive behaviors

genetically programmed, innate patterns of response sepecific to a species

instinct theory

behavior motivated by instinct (william james)

drive reduction theory

A theory that motivation arises from imbalances in homeostasis.

needs

Biological requirements for well-being.

drive

A psychological state that arises from an imbalance in homeostasis and prompts action to fulfill a need.

incentive theory

A theory that people are pulled toward behaviors that offer positive incentives and pushed away from behaviors associated with negative incentives.

intrinsic motivation

Engaging in behavior simply for the feelings of pleasure, satisfaction, or sense of competence or independence it brings.

extrinsic motivation

Engaging in behavior in order to obtain an external reward or avoid a penalty or other undesirable consequence.

estrogens

Feminine hormones that circulate in the bloodstream.

emotions

Temporary positive or negative experiences that are felt as happening to the self, that are generated partly by interpretation of situations, and that are accompanied by learned and innate physical responses.

attribution

The process of explaining the cause of some event.

primary drives

Drives that arise from basic biological needs.

secondary drives

Stimuli that take on the motivational properties of primary drives through learning.

anorexia nervosa

An eating disorder characterized by self-starvation and dramatic weight loss.

bulimia

An eating disorder that involves consuming massive quantities of food, then eliminating it by self-induced vomiting or laxatives.

binge eating disorder

A pattern of sudden, recurrent episodes of eating huge amounts of food, but without purging.

sexual response cycle

The pattern of arousal before, during, and after sexual activity.

androgens

Masculine hormones that circulate in the bloodstream.

heterosexuality

Sexual desire or behavior that is focused on members of the opposite sex.

homosexuality

Sexual desire or behavior that is focused on members of one's own sex.

achievement motivation

The degree to which a person establishes specific goals, cares about meeting them, and experiences satisfaction by doing so.