Micro - Gram negative Bacteria

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69 Terms

1

Gram negative cell wall

Inner membrane
Periplasmic space containing:
- Thin peptidoglycan
Outer membrane (contains LPS)

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2

Outer membrane of gram negatives

Contains:
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
Porin proteins

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3

Endotoxin - becomes toxic when released during infections

Lipid portion of gram negative outer membrane contains

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4

Functions as receptors and blocking immune response

Function of outer membrane of gram negatives

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5

Porin proteins

Proteins in the upper layer of the outer membrane of gram negative cells - regulate molecules entering and entering the cell

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6

Aerobic Gram-Negative Bacilli

- Non spore forming
- Found in LI (enteric), respiratory, zoonotic, soil, water
- Most not medically important; some true pathogens, some opportunists
- All have LPS outer membrane - release endotoxin

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7

Pseudomonas and Burkholderia

Aerobic gram negative bacilli - opportunistic pathogens

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8

Brucella and Francisella

Aerobic gram negative bacilli - zoonotic pathogens

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9

Bordetella and Legionella

Aerobic gram negative bacilli - mainly human pathogens

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10

Pseudamonas, Burkholderia, Bordetella, Francisella, Alcaligenes

Gram negative rods - Aerobes that do not ferment carbohydrates

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11

Escherichia, Kleisiella, Citrobacter, Enterobacter

Gram negative rods - Facultative anaerobes that do ferment carbohydrates: Lactose fermenters

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12

Salmonella, Shigella, Proteus, Providencia, Morganella, Hafnia, Edwardsiella, Serratia, Yersinia

Gram negative rods - Facultative anaerobes that do ferment carbohydrates: Oxidase-negative

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13

Haemophilus and Pasteurella

Gram negative rods - Facultative anaerobes that do ferment carbohydrates: Oxidase-positive

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14

Bacteriodes

Gram negative rods - Obligate anaerobe

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15

Pathogenic gram negative bacilli

- Pseudamonas Aeriguinosa
- Bordetellsa pertussis
- Legionella spp.
- Escherichia coli
- Escherichia coli O157:H7

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16

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Gram-negative bacilli most known for complication of burns, skin rashes, corneal ulcers, meningitis, endocarditis, complication of CF, UTIs

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17

Bordetella pertussis

Gram-negative bacilli most known for whooping cough

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18

Legionella spp.

Gram-negative bacilli most known for pneumonia

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19

Escherichia coli

Gram-negative bacilli most known to cause acute diarrhea and UTIs

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20

Escherichia coli O157:H7

Gram-negative bacilli most known for acute diarrhea, colitis, and Hemolytic uremic syndrome

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21

Salmonella typhi

Gram-negative bacilli most known for septicemia and typhoid fever

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22

Salmonella spp.

Gram-negative bacilli most known to cause acute diarrhea

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23

Shigella spp.

Gram-negative bacilli most known to cause neuron damage, acute diarrhea and bacillary dysentery

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24

Yersinia pestis

Gram-negative bacilli most known to cause the Bubonic plague, and pneumonic plague

Plague!!

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25

Haemophilus
Blood-loving Bacilli

- Gram negative pleomorphic rods
- Fastidious (sensitive to drying, temp extremes and disinfectants)
- Grows on chocolate agar ** (needs special techniques to grow on blood agar)

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26

Haemophilus influenzae (H. influenzae)

Gram negative coccobacillus most known for bacterial meningitis, bacteremia, and pneumonia; less serious infections - conjunctivitis, epiglottitis, cellulitis, sinusitis, otitis media, and infectious arthritis

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27

Vaccination against the b serotype

Decreases 90% of disease incidence by H. infuenzae

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28

Meningitis caused by H. influenzae

Fever, vomiting, stiff neck and neurological impairment are symptoms of this disease

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90% fatality

Fatality rate in untreated cases of H. influenzae

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30

Alcoholism, poor nutrition, cancer or diabetes

Predisposing factors for H. influenzae induced pneumonia

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31

Resemble those of pneumococcal pneumonia

Symptoms of H. influenzae induced pneumonia resemble those of which infection

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32

Isolation and use of special medial for nutritional requirements

How to diagnose the bacterial cause of pneumonia (H. influenzae)

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33

cephalosporins

Treats pneumonia causes by H. influenzae

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34

Klebsiella

Enterobacteria species that can cause pneumonia

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35

Impaired host defenses
*cause most of the deaths from healthcare associated infections

How would an enterobacteria (Klebsiella) or other gram negative rods cause pneumonia?

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36

Repeated chills, bloody jelly-like sputum, cough, chills, SOB, fever, chest pain, cyanosis

Signs and symptoms of Klebsiella pneumonia

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37

blood-tinged sputum

Symptom of pneumococcal pneumonia that differentiates it from Klebsiella pneumonia

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38

1-3 days

Incubation period of Klebsiella pneumonia

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39

Klebsiella pneumonia

Gram-negative rod with large capsule, produces big mucoid colonies

- Normal microbiota of GI tract and can be found in mouth an throat

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40

Secretions transmitted by contact, or medical equipment (ventilators); Organism colonizes throat ->- travels to lung via inhaled air and mucus --> adhesions aid in colonization
*capsule = virulence factor

How is Klebsiella Pneumonia contracted?

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41

Very old or very young, compromised immune system (alcoholics, hospital pts, institutionalized pts)

Who is typically effected by Klebsiella?

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42

antibiotic/antimicrobial resistance/multi-drug resistance

Strains of bacteria circulating in hospitals, nursing homes often display

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43

Bordetella purtussis

Causative agent of Pertussis; gram-negative rod

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44

cells are inhaled, attached to ciliated cells of respiratory epithelium - colonize upper throat, trachea, bronchi and bronchiole where they release toxins: PT, ACT, TCT)

** Highly contagious

How is Pertussis contracted?

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45

Pertussis toxin (PT)

An A-B endotoxin; B attaches to receptors, A moves through cytoplasmic membrane cAMP; yields increased mucus, decreased killing ability of phagocytes, release of lymphocytes into bloodstream ineffectiveness of natural killer cells

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Adenylate cyclase Toxin (ACT)

lyses leukocytes; catalyzes ATP to cAMP

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47

Tracheal cytotoxin (TCT)

causes release of fever-inducing IL-1; toxic to ciliated epithelial cells

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48

whooping cough

Pertussis is also known as

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49

Yes- but still endemic in many countries including U.S.
* Causes half a million deaths annually globally

Is Pertussis preventable by vaccine?

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50

- Highly contagious
- Spread by respiratory secretions/inhaling airborne droplets
- Most infective during catarrhal stage
- Classically fx infants; most fatalities <1yr old
- Mild infxn in older children/adults; may be mistaken for common cold

Hallmarks of pertussis

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51

- Catarrhal stage: Microlide abx (ineffective in paroxysmal stage)
- Intensive support therapy for infants
- DTaP vaccine (Diptheria, Tetanus and acellular pertussis vaccine) + booster (Tdap)

Treatment and prevention of pertussis

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52

Legionella pneumophila; gram- negative rod - facultative intracellular parasite; survives well in warm freshwater containing protozoa (house the bacteria) includes cysts

Legionnaires' disease (type of pneumonia) is caused by which bacteria?

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53

headache, muscle aches, high fever, confusion, shaking chills, dry cough produces sputum, sometimes blood; SOB, GI issues (25% of cases), slow recovery - weakness and fatigue for weeks

Signs and symptoms of Legionnaires' Disease

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54

inhaling aerosolized water with organism - promoted uptake by alveolar macrophages

-Bacteria survive by preventing phagosome-lysosome fusion; multiply within macrophages

-Alvolar cell necrosis and inflammatory response lead to abscesses, pneumonia, pleurisy and bacteremia

-Fatal respiratory failure in 15% of hospitalized cases

*** No direct person-to-person spread

How is Legionaires' contracted?

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55

Yersinia pestis
* Gram negative rod

Which organism is responsible for the plague?

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56

Biofilms in digestive tract of infected fleas - vomit into wounds

How is yersinia pestis spread?

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57

Bubonic plague
Septicemic plague
Pneumonic plague

What does Yersinia pestis cause?

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58

Escherichia coli

Most common aerobic and non-fastidious bacterium in the gut

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59

virulence by plasmid transfer - others are opportunists

How does E. coli spread?

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60

Pathogenic strains of E. coli

- Enterohemorrhagic (EHEC)

- Enterotoxigenic (ETEC)

- Enteroinvasive (EIEC)

- Enteropathogenic (EPEC)

- Enteroaggregrative (EAEC)

- Shigella-toxin (STEC)

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61

Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC)

Causes hemorrhagic colitis leading to hemolytic uremic syndrome and kidney damage

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62

Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC)

Causes severe diarrhea due to heat-liable toxin and heat-stable toxin - stimulate secretion and fluid loss; also has fimbriae

* cause diarrhea in infants of developing countries, also visitors
* High infectious dose

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63

Enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC)

Causes inflammatory disease of large intestine

* cause disease in young children in developing countries

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64

Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC)

Linked to wasting form of infantile diarrhea
* Greatest cause of mortality among babies
* Protected by antibodies in breast milk
* Low infectious dose

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65

Enteroaggregrative E. coli (EAEC)

Common cause of pediatric diarrhea

* Fx children, travelers, AIDS patients

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66

Shigella toxin E.coli (STEC)

food borne strains; epidemics involving groung beef, unpasteruized milk, bean sprouts

* initial source is often untreated cow manure
* low infectious dose; can also spread by direct contact

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67

Amongst humans

Most clinical cases of E. coli are transmitted how?

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68

~ 70% of traveler's diarrhea
- 50-80% of UTIs

Generally, E. coli causes

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69

- Oral abx - effective in early phases of infection
- OTC tx for sx relief
--- Lorapremide aka Imodium - slows gut motility; but can retain pathogen for longer
--- Bismuth salicylate (pepto-bismol) more effective; counteracts enterotoxin provides an antimicrobic effect

How is E. coli treated?

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