DNA Structure/Scientists/Replication/DNA Extraction TEST 2024-25

Nucleus

The 'Control Center' of the cell containing DNA and responsible for growth and reproduction

chromosomes

threadlike structures found in the nucleus made of DNA molecules that contain the genes

genes

sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait

DNA

A complex molecule made of nucleotides which contains the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes,

deoxyribonucleic acid

double helix

the shape of DNA; two strands of nucleotides wound about each other

nucleotide

monomer/building block of DNA made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

deoxyribose

A five-carbon sugar that is a component of DNA nucleotides

Nitrogen bases

The chemicals that make up the rungs of the DNA ladder. A-T and C-G match.

adenine

nitrogen base found in DNA and RNA; pairs with thymine in DNA (and with uracil in RNA)

cytosine

A nitrogenous base found in DNA and RNA; pairs with guanine

guanine

A nitrogenous base found in DNA and RNA; pairs with cytosine

thymine

A nitrogenous base found in DNA (but not in RNA); pairs with adenine

hydrogen bond

a WEAK bond which holds the nitrogen bases together

covalent bond

a STRONG bond which holds the sugar-phosphate backbone together

Protein

An organic compound DETERMINED BY the NITROGEN BASES in DNA that is made of one or more chains of amino acids and that is a principal component of all cells

Atom

smallest part of matter

Function of DNA

store and transmit genetic information

sugar-phosphate backbone

The alternating chain of sugar and phosphate to which the DNA and RNA nitrogenous bases are attached

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Official name of DNA

Chargaff's Rule

[A]=[T] and [G]=[C], they pair up across from one another forming two strands also called base pairing.

Watson and Crick

discovered the structure of DNA

Wilkins and Franklin

both used a technique called x-ray crystallography to produce a picture of the DNA molecule (Photo 51)

Helicase

unwinds and unzips DNA

DNA polymerase

Enzyme involved in DNA replication that joins/lays down new individual nucleotides to produce a DNA molecule AND proofreads

Ligase

An enzyme that connects two fragments of DNA to make a single fragment (the 'gluer')

Mitosis

cell division

semi-conservative replication

in each new DNA double helix, one strand is from the original molecule, and one strand is new

DNA replication

the process of making a copy of DNA

DNA extraction

The cells are opened and the DNA is separated from the other cell parts