DNA Structure/Scientists/Replication/DNA Extraction TEST 2024-25

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29 Terms

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Nucleus

The 'Control Center' of the cell containing DNA and responsible for growth and reproduction

<p>The 'Control Center' of the cell containing DNA and responsible for growth and reproduction</p>
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chromosomes

threadlike structures found in the nucleus made of DNA molecules that contain the genes

<p>threadlike structures found in the nucleus made of DNA molecules that contain the genes</p>
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genes

sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait

<p>sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait</p>
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DNA

A complex molecule made of nucleotides which contains the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes,

deoxyribonucleic acid

<p>A complex molecule made of nucleotides which contains the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes,</p><p>deoxyribonucleic acid</p>
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double helix

the shape of DNA; two strands of nucleotides wound about each other

<p>the shape of DNA; two strands of nucleotides wound about each other</p>
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nucleotide

monomer/building block of DNA made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

<p>monomer/building block of DNA made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base</p>
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deoxyribose

A five-carbon sugar that is a component of DNA nucleotides

<p>A five-carbon sugar that is a component of DNA nucleotides</p>
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Nitrogen bases

The chemicals that make up the rungs of the DNA ladder. A-T and C-G match.

<p>The chemicals that make up the rungs of the DNA ladder. A-T and C-G match.</p>
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adenine

nitrogen base found in DNA and RNA; pairs with thymine in DNA (and with uracil in RNA)

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cytosine

A nitrogenous base found in DNA and RNA; pairs with guanine

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guanine

A nitrogenous base found in DNA and RNA; pairs with cytosine

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thymine

A nitrogenous base found in DNA (but not in RNA); pairs with adenine

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hydrogen bond

a WEAK bond which holds the nitrogen bases together

<p>a WEAK bond which holds the nitrogen bases together</p>
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covalent bond

a STRONG bond which holds the sugar-phosphate backbone together

<p>a STRONG bond which holds the sugar-phosphate backbone together</p>
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Protein

An organic compound DETERMINED BY the NITROGEN BASES in DNA that is made of one or more chains of amino acids and that is a principal component of all cells

<p>An organic compound DETERMINED BY the NITROGEN BASES in DNA that is made of one or more chains of amino acids and that is a principal component of all cells</p>
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Atom

smallest part of matter

<p>smallest part of matter</p>
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Function of DNA

store and transmit genetic information

<p>store and transmit genetic information</p>
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sugar-phosphate backbone

The alternating chain of sugar and phosphate to which the DNA and RNA nitrogenous bases are attached

<p>The alternating chain of sugar and phosphate to which the DNA and RNA nitrogenous bases are attached</p>
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deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Official name of DNA

<p>Official name of DNA</p>
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Chargaff's Rule

[A]=[T] and [G]=[C], they pair up across from one another forming two strands also called base pairing.

<p>[A]=[T] and [G]=[C], they pair up across from one another forming two strands also called base pairing.</p>
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Watson and Crick

discovered the structure of DNA

<p>discovered the structure of DNA</p>
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Wilkins and Franklin

both used a technique called x-ray crystallography to produce a picture of the DNA molecule (Photo 51)

<p>both used a technique called x-ray crystallography to produce a picture of the DNA molecule (Photo 51)</p>
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Helicase

unwinds and unzips DNA

<p>unwinds and unzips DNA</p>
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DNA polymerase

Enzyme involved in DNA replication that joins/lays down new individual nucleotides to produce a DNA molecule AND proofreads

<p>Enzyme involved in DNA replication that joins/lays down new individual nucleotides to produce a DNA molecule AND proofreads</p>
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Ligase

An enzyme that connects two fragments of DNA to make a single fragment (the 'gluer')

<p>An enzyme that connects two fragments of DNA to make a single fragment (the 'gluer')</p>
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Mitosis

cell division

<p>cell division</p>
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semi-conservative replication

in each new DNA double helix, one strand is from the original molecule, and one strand is new

<p>in each new DNA double helix, one strand is from the original molecule, and one strand is new</p>
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DNA replication

the process of making a copy of DNA

<p>the process of making a copy of DNA</p>
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DNA extraction

The cells are opened and the DNA is separated from the other cell parts

<p>The cells are opened and the DNA is separated from the other cell parts</p>