NSC 308 Chapter 7 Review

Which of the following individuals requires a positive protein balance?

• adolescent boy during growth spurt

• older adult recovering from an illness

• middle-aged adult recovering from an injury

Healthy individuals need to consume protein in an amount that replaces the protein lost in ______.

• feces

• urine

• hair

The nutrient that serves in the regulation and maintenance of the human body by aiding in fluid balance, cell synthesis and repair, and visual processes is ______.

protein

Which structural proteins make up more than a third of body protein?

• actin

• myosin

• collagen

How do proteins contribute to acid-base balance of the blood?

• Pump ions into and out of cells

• Serve as buffers that resist changes in pH

Proteins are good buffers because they have ______ charge(s).

negative

The body needs a ______ protein balance when growing or recovering from illness or injury.

positive

Proteins serve which of the following functions?

• Proteins regulate and maintain essential body functions.

• Proteins play a role in enzyme and hormone production.

• Proteins aid in cell synthesis.

Which nutrient plays a vital role in providing structural support to body cells and tissues?

Proteins

______ help regulate acid-base balance in the blood.

Proteins

Compounds that help maintain acid-base balance within a normal range are called

buffers.

An amino acid without an amino group is called a

carbon skeleton.

Blood proteins have what type of influence on body fluids?

Help to maintain body fluid

Every cell in the human body ______ contain protein.

does

What is the term used for the building blocks of proteins?

Amino acids

All ______ contain(s) nitrogen.

proteins

The nutrient that serves in the regulation and maintenance of the human body by aiding in fluid balance, cell synthesis and repair, and visual processes is ______.

protein

Like carbohydrates and lipids, proteins are made up of ______.

• oxygen

• hydrogen

• carbon

A(n) _______ ________is composed of four elements: a nitrogen, an acid, a hydrogen, and a side group.

amino acid

There are 4 groups that make up each amino acid. They are the hydrogen group, the acid group, the amino group, and the ______ group.

R

Which of the following is the amino acid that can be synthesized by a healthy body in sufficient amounts?

Nonessential

The 11 nonessential amino acids ______.

• can be made in our bodies

• do not need to be present in the diet

An essential amino acid

• cannot be synthesized by humans in sufficient amounts.

• must be included in the diet or a deficiency will occur.

Histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine are all ______ amino acids.

essential or indispensable

Amino acids are unique among the energy-yielding nutrients because they contain

nitrogen.

There are nine essential amino acids that Blank______.

• cannot be produced by the body

• must be consumed as part of our diet

The amino group from an amino acid is excreted in the

urine.

When protein balance is reached ______.

protein intake equals protein loss

Jean consumes 56 grams of protein daily. The nitrogen equivalent of 60 grams of protein is measured in her urine. Jean is in a state of ______.

negative protein balance

There are ______ nonessential amino acids.

11

Negative nitrogen balance can occur when an individual ______.

• has a disease that increases protein breakdown

• eats a diet inadequate in protein

• has a serious injury

All of the following are components that make up an amino acid except

sodium.

Which of the following occurs when a person consumes less protein than what is needed?

Negative protein balance

Robert consumes 80 grams of protein daily. When examining his urine, doctors measured the nitrogen equivalent of 50 grams of protein. Based on this observation, Robert is in a state of ______.

positive protein balance

What hormone stimulates positive protein balance?

Insulin

Put the processes of protein digestion in the correct order, from start to finish.

1. Proteins are partially digested in the stomach by the enzyme pepsin and hydrochloric acid.

2. Final digestion of protein to amino acids occurs in the small intestine.

3. Amino acids are absorbed into the portal vein and transported to the liver. Little dietary protein is present in the feces.

4. Little dietary protein is present in the feces.

An illness might cause ______ protein balance especially when a person is not consuming adequate amounts of protein.

negative

The amino acids needed for the synthesis of protein are supplied by

• recycling of body protein.

• the diet.

A ______ protein balance occurs when protein intake exceeds daily protein losses.

positive

Where does the digestion of protein begin?

stomach

Edema refers to

a buildup of fluid in interstitial spaces.

Amino acids are important in the synthesis of many ______, such as insulin and glucagon.

hormones

Identify a key component of the immune system.

Antibody proteins

What proteins function as transporters for other nutrients?

• transferrin

• lipoproteins

If your carbohydrate intake is inadequate, the liver is forced to make _________ from amino acids present in body tissues.

glucose

Under what condition will the conversion of amino acids into glucose result in the development of widespread muscle wasting?

Starvation

Proteins supply the body with about _____ kilocalories per gram.

4, four, or 4 kcal/g

Most of the ______ released throughout the body can be recycled to become part of the pool available for the synthesis of future proteins.

amino acids

Edema involves a buildup of excess fluid in ______.

interstitial spaces

A carbon skeleton is an amino acid without the ______ ______.

amino group

________ are a primary component of all cells throughout the body.

Protein or Proteins

Which of the following describe the components of an amino acid?

• Acid group

• Amino group

• Side chain

The following amino acids are essential and must be supplied by our diet.

• Phenylalanine

• Methionine

• Histidine

How many amino acids are considered essential?

9

The amino group is in what form in the urine?

Urea

The muscle wasting in the body due to the conversion of amino acids into glucose is called?

Cachexia

Amino acids are the basic elements used in the synthesis of ______.

protein

Which of the following occurs when the amount of protein consumed equals the amount of protein lost?

Protein equilibrium

Match the protein transporter with its function.

• Hemoglobin ←———→ Carries oxygen

• Lipoprotein ←———→ Transports lipids

• Retinol-binding protein ←———→ Carries vitamin A

• Transferrin←———→ Carries iron

When carbohydrates are in short supply, the ______ can make glucose from amino acids present in body tissues.

liver

Healthy individuals who are not in periods of growth or recovering from an illness or injury need to consume protein in an amount that is ______ the amount lost in urine, feces, sweat, skin cells, hair, and nails.

equal to