Harvard and APA Reference Techniques

Practice vocabulary flashcards based on the reference techniques lecture notes, covering Harvard and APA styles, terminology, and abbreviations.

Citation

A reference to a document that includes all the bibliographic details needed to trace the document.

Footnotes

References listed at the bottom of the page on which a citation occurs in the text, indicated by a number.

Reference list

A list of citations in a written work that demonstrates the authority for statements and the author's acquaintance with the subject.

Bibliography

A list of books, articles, and papers read for a specific essay or assignment that are not necessarily included in the list of references.

Plagiarism

The act of using other people’s words and ideas without acknowledging where they were obtained.

n.d.

An abbreviation signifying that there is no date of publication available for a source.

n.p.

An abbreviation used when there is no place, no publisher, or no page for a source.

et al. (et alii)

A Latin abbreviation meaning "And others," used when there are too many authors to list.

ibid. (ibidem)

A Latin abbreviation meaning "In the same work," signifying the same work as the one cited immediately before, but a different page.

id. (idem)

A Latin abbreviation meaning "The same," signifying the item cited is by the author of the item cited immediately before.

op. cit. (opere citato)

A Latin abbreviation meaning "In the work cited," which refers the reader back to the author’s previously cited work, but to a different page.

s.l. (sine loco)

A Latin abbreviation used to indicate a publication is without a place.

Non-periodical

Items published separately, including books, reports, brochures, manuals, and audiovisual media.

Periodical

Items published on a regular basis, such as journals, magazines, and scholarly newsletters.

Personal communication

Referencing type for letters, memos, e-mails, personal interviews, or telephone conversations that does not provide recoverable data.

.edu

An internet domain suffix indicating the site belongs to an educational institution.

.gov

An internet domain suffix indicating the site contains fairly objective government-sponsored material.

.org

An internet domain suffix usually indicating non-profit organizations that are advocacy groups.

.com

An internet domain suffix indicating the site is most likely promoting or selling something.

¶ or para.

Symbols or abbreviations used to cite a specific part of an electronic source when no page number is available.