Western Expansion

Blueprint for expansion

Territories turned into states

Land Ordinance of 1785 and NW Ordinance of 1787 (Western settle factor)

Double size of US, Get rid of foreign threats, Origins of Manifest Destiny

 Louisiana Purchase (Western settle factor)

land open in South and Midwest

Give natives a chance to involve with government

 Indian Removal Act of 1830 + Trail of Tears (Western settle factor)

plan to get rich quick from some people, Captured the imagination of the West, ready for California to become a state.

Gold Rush of '49 (Western settle factor)

Gave birth to idea of transcontinental RR, first reserve in the far west

Kansas/Nebraska Act (Western settle factor)

Exoduster-African Americans looking to escape the South

Impact of Civil war that encourage Western Settlement after civil war

provided 160 arces land to any settler agreed to farm the land

Key role the Homestead Act in making agriculture profitable in the west

farmers to enclose land cheaply and effectively, which created more profit.

How barb wire played in making agriculture profitable in the west ?

The rising of industrialization

Reasons for the rise and rapid decline of the cowboy.

growth of railroads and mass migration of settlers

1830/40s: Removal and relocate Natives to Oklahoma (Natives policy)

Costly Indian Wars Depleted Buffalo habitats, novels like Century of Dishonor

1850-70s Treaties Designate specific boundaries

Absorb Natives into white culture, shown in Passage of Dawes Act-opening of “Indian Schools”

1880s Assimilation policy (Natives Policy)

price of crops drop no control, railroad monopolies. foreclosures on farms, Greenback Issue(Tight money), Indebted farmers have trouble with supply

Farmers Common Problems help rise Populism Party

Mobilizes ordinary people against the ruling elite, by using emotional rhetoric to instill distrust in authorities, offering simple solutions to complex issue, can arise from both the right and left of the political spectrum.

what is populism and their action ?

 More government support that helps agriculture. want federally supported farm loans, increase money in circulation, graduated income tax, public ownership of railroads

populism party belief and goal

Mostly bankers (gold bugs)

they wanted less money in circulation (Gold Standard)

It would help loans we more valuable and stable

monetary issue of their desired is deflation.

Republicans (1896 Presidential Election)

Farmers and laborers (Silverites), More money, help their product sold at higher prices

,monetary issue of their desired is inflation

Democrats (1896 Presidential Election)

Natural Resources

Explosion of Technology

labor supply (immigration from Asia and Europe and rural areas)

Capital $ (more money to invest and rise of entrepreneur like Robber Baron

Causes of industrialization in the 1800s?

Natural Resources during Industrial rising 1800

coal, oil, iron ore are great power sources for railroads, machine and automobiles

Great Lakes Region, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Southwest Virginia

Sources of natural resources of industrial economy rising 1800

Invention of Thomas Edison and focus on production.

Incandescent light (explosion of technology)

Invention of Alexander Graham Bell and it focus on communication

Telephone (explosion of technology)

Invention of Henry Bessemer, which focus on production.

Steel Process (explosion of technology)

Invention of Wright Brothers and it focus on transportation

Airplane (Explosion of technology)

The invention of Henry Ford and focus on production

Perfection of Assembly line

Patent Laws which encourage innovation, increased globalization, urbanization create the need for new tech.

Why is there so many invention during 1800

Benefitted from government land grants

Promote western expansion

created national market (crops, cattle, and luxury goods)

They used Irish and Chinese laborers

Impact of Railroads as a mass industry.

Federal land was given to speculators to build Railroads

Role the federal government play in that emergence of RRs

Belief that Darwin’s ideas of natural selection should be applied to the marketplace

Social Darwinism

the government stays out of the market. Let the market force direct the economy

Laissez Faire Government (“Let it be”)

vertical integration and horizontal integration

Two major practices employed by industrialists that helped to eliminate their competitors

One company controls all steps in manufacturing process

Vertical Integration

One company buys out other companies of same industry

horizontal integration

Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 and Immigration Restriction Act 1921

Legislation or laws were passed to restrict the arrival of new immigrants and why.

prohibit all Chinese immigration except students, teachers, merchants, and gov officials.

Chinese Exclusion Act 1882

Limited no. of immigrants from a country to 2 % of those nationals living in US in 1890

 Immigration Restriction Act of 1921

motivation is land

religion is protestant

origin from N/W Europe

They blended easy

Old Immigrant

motivation is jobs and escape persecution, religion: Catholic, Jewish, Buddhist, origin is S/E Europe and Asia, they got discriminated and segregated

New immigrant

Initially met with resistance from Native born

They have to take the toughest jobs

Push factors (politic and religion oppression)

Both want to escaped poverty

Similar between new and old immigrant

Chicago, Detroit, Pittsburgh, New York

Identify examples of the new industrial cities

Chicago-meat packing

New York-Textile Industry

Pittburgh-steel

Detroit-Automobile

Basic economies of new industrial cities

Immigrants because the machines provided jobs and citizenship Tammany and New York city.

supporters of the political machine

Protestant movement

tied faith to good works

See help people that need is community responsibility

rejection of Social Darwinism

Social Gospel Movement

Founder was Jane Addams in Chicago, first Community Centers (Hull House was the first), provides education, health care, and life skills for immigrants

Settlement Home Movement

 Laissez Faire Government, Methods of Powerful monopolies, immigration

division, public perception

Forces in place during the industrial age that were obstacles to worker's gaining rights

Knights of Labor

Led by Terrence Powderty

Philosophy is idealistic and reforming

Concern is child labor and ablish trusts

Member include all inclusive like women and minorities

tactics is cooperation and negotiation

AFL

led by Samuel Gompers

philosophy is practical and immidiate relief

concern are wages, safety, hours

members are skilled man workers.

Tactics are walkouts, strikes

similarity of AFL and knights of labor

limited successes

initial boom in membership

first gen immigrant didn’t join

Locate in Chicago, May of 1886

Issue is anarchists and socialists influences.

Haymarket Riot (labor movement)

Locate outside Pittburgh,PA July 1892, Issue is steel industry

Homestead Strike (labor movement)

Locate outside Chicago, IL May-July 1894

Issue is owner also owned worker homes

Pullman Strike (labor movement)

US Presidents, Middle Class, State and city leaders

Who were the Progressive Reformers?

• Conservation of resources

• Trust busting: attacked “harmful monopolies”

• Consumer protection

• Rejection of Laissez Faire

Teddy Roosevelt as progressive reformer

• Tariff reduction

• Flexible banking system that could manage the nation’s money supply (The Federal Reserve)

• Eliminate all trusts

Woodrow Wilson as progressive reformer

White collar workers (mid-level management), women (advocates to end child labor), concerned with social justice, Reject laissez Faire

Middle class role as progressive performer

broke up trusts in his state (example Robert LaFollette who is Wisconsin Governor)

State and city leaders as progressive reformers

Reporters and photographers, exposed corruption in business and politics

Muckrackers (progressive reformers)

The Jungle (Upton Sinclair), How the Other Half Lives (Jacob Riis), History of Standard Oil (Ida Tarbell), Southern Horrors (Ida B. Wells)

famous muckrakers works

increase civic engagment like referendum, initiative, recall.

State Government reform (Robert LaFollette)

Eliminate political machines (i.e. Boss Tweed). Appoint Commissioners/City Manager

Local/City Government (Jane Addams)

Sherman Antitrust Act (1890) and Clayton Antitrust Act (1914)

Laws aimed at eliminating monopolies and promoting fair competition.

Elections Direct Democracy (17th Amendment)

A system where citizens directly nominate candidates or vote on issues

• First child labor laws

• Limit on hours 

• Increase of safety standards

Labor Economic Equality (Eugene Debs, Magaret Sanger, William Howard Taft)

18th amendment (1919): Prohibited manufacturing, distribution, and sale of alcohol

 Prohibition (Temperance) (Carrie Nation, Women’s Christian Temp. Society)

• Food and Drug Act (1906), enforced by the FDA

• Meat Inspection Act (1906)

Consumer Protection (Upton Sinclair and Teddy Roosevelt)

• Efforts to conserve resources (U.S. Forestry Service)

• Creation of the  National Park Service

Environment movement ( Teddy Roosevelt, Woodrow Wilson, Gifford Pinchot)

Marches, Petitions, contributed to the Settlement of the west, and WWI homefront effort.

What strategies do you think women used to win the vote?