Biochem Lecture 18- Lipids and Vitamins

Lipids

these are organic molecules that are characterized by low solubility in water, or relatively hydrophobic

Functions of Lipids

storage of energy, membrane strucutre, cofactors for enzymes, and signaling molecules are all functions of what kind of molecule?

Triacylglycerol

glycerol connected to 3 fatty acids is the structure for what kind of lipid?

Glycerophospholipids

glycerol + 2 fatty acids + phosphate group + amino alcohol is the structure for what lipid?

Sphingolipids (phospholipid)

sphingosine + 1 fatty acid + Phosphate + choline is what kind of lipid?

Sphingolipid (glycolipid)

sphingoside + 1 fatty acid + mono/oligosaccharide is what kind of lipid?

Galactolipid (sulfolipids)

glycerol + 2 fatty acids + mono/disaccharide + Sulfate is what kind of lipid?

Fatty acids

these are carboxylic acids with hydrocarbon chains containing between 4-36 carbonds, that are unbranched

even

Most natural fatty acids have an ________(even/odd) number of carbons

Saturated fatty acids

these types of fatty acids have no double bonds bewteen carbons in the chain

Monounsaturated

these types of fatty acids have one double bond between carbonds in the alkyl chain

Polyunsaturated

these types of faty acids have more than one double bond in the alkyl chain

Carbons

In the nomenclature of fatty acids xx:y(delta^x) the xx represents the number of __________ in the chain

Double bonds

In the nomenclature of fatty acids xx:y(delta^x) the y represents the number of ___________ _________

Carbon that comes first in the double bond

In the nomenclature of fatty acids xx:y(delta^x), the delta x represents the ___________________________

Omega

In the "Omega" naming system of fatty acids, we say Omega-X, where X is the Lowest numbered double bond carbon, starting counting at the ___________ carbon

Palmitate

What's the common name of this?

Hexadecanoate

Another name for palmitate is this

16:0

Palmitate fatty acid is this nomeclature using the xx:y method

Stearate

What's the common name of this?

Octodecanoate

Another name of stearate is this

18:0

Using the nomeclature of xx:y, this is stearate

Oleate

What is the common name of this?

Cis-9-octadecenoate

another name of oleate is this

18:1(delta9)

Using the xx:y nomeclature, this is what oleate is

Arachidonate

What is the common name of this?

All cis-5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoate

Another name of arachidonate is this

20:4(delta5,8,11,14)

the xx:y name for arachidonate is this

Down, up

If the chain length is increased, the solubility of the fatty acid in water goes ________(up/down) and the melting point of the fatty acid goes ______(up/down)

down

If the number of double bonds increases in a fatty acids, the melting point of the fatty acid goes _________(up/down)

Cis

Natural nusaturated fatty acids are usually in the ______(cis/trans) configuration, which have a lower melting point than the alternative

Trans fatty acids

these form by partial dehydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids, which causes there to be more tightly packed, and higher melting point. They also increase the risk of cardiovascular disease when eaten in large quantities

Triacylglycerides

these are the primary storage form of lipids, and are a very good source of energy due to how highly reduced the carbons are

Head group

the property of the _______ ______________ of the membrane lipid determine the surface properties of the membranes

Phospholipids

thse are the primary constituents of cell membranes, they form ester linkages with 1st and 2nd hydroxyl groups

Phosphatidylcholine

this is a phospholipid that is a major component of most eukaryotic cell membranes

Sphingolipids

these are a phospholipid that have a sphingosine as the backbone instead of glycerol, and fatty acids are linked via an amide group rather than an ester group

Sphingomyelin

this sphingolipid is abundant in the myelin sheath that surrounds nerve cells in animals

Blood type

the types of sugars located on head groups of glycosphingolipids determines the property of this in humans

O antigen

if you are this blood type, you have no active glycosyltransferase

A blood group

if you have this blood type, then you have a glycosyltransferase that transfers an N-acetylgalactosamine

B blood group

if you have this blood type, you have a glycosyltransferase that transfers a galactose group

Turnover

there is a large ___________ between membrane lipids in order to convert them into various sphingolipids by enzymes, and the lack of these enzymes lead to diseases

Sterol

these are types of lipids that are 4 fused rings, with ahydroxyl group and nonpolar side chains, almost planar

Cholesterol

this is a type of lipid that is the MOST abundant NON-PHOSPHOLIPID in membranes in animals

Steroid hormones

these types of hormones are oxidized derivatives of cholesterol, but are more polar due to their polar side chains

Arachidonic acid

this is a fatty acid that is very important for human function, that uses omega 3 fatty acids to be synthesized (used in pain)

Vitamin D

this vitamin regulates calcium uptake in the bones and kidney

Vitamin A

this vitamin is invovlved in visual pigment, comes from sweet potatoes, carrots,