Nitrogenous compounds + polyesters module 6

amine structures ( Image)

N attached to 1 R group = primary

N attached to 2 R group = secondary

N attached to 3 R group = tertiary

what are type of molecule are amines

Bases

lone pair on N accepts protons

How to name amines

Suffix - amine

prefix - Alkyl group (alphabetical order )

amine + acid →

Amine + Acid → Salt

(Amine + Acid ) explanation

NH₂ acts as base and accepts proton

Acid ion ionically bonds to N⁺H₃

Phenylamine + Nitric acid ( Image)

Amine + Acid how to name salt

Alkyl ammonium ion

How to make an aliphatic amine reaction

Haloalkane + Excess NH₃ dissolved in ethanol → Primary amine + ammonium halide

What do amines act as in nucleophilic substitution reactions

Nucleophile → electron pair donor

Why do we use excess NH₃

Prevents further substitutions

no undesired secondary / tertiary amines

How to make a aromatic amine equation

Reduce nitrobenzene → Phenylamine

Reactants to make primary amine

Haloalkane

excess NH₃ dissolved in ethanol

By product of making a primary amine

Ammonium halide

Why is NH₃ dissolved in ethanol

Prevents H₂O from reacting with haloalkane → produces alcohol

Conditions to form a phenylamine

Sn/ HCl

reflux

How many [ H ] to reduce 1 nitro group on nitrobenzene to form phenylamine

6 [ H ]

forming a aromatic amine word equation

C₆H₅NO₂ + 6 [ H ] → C₆H₅NH₂ + 2H₂O

forming aromatic amine by product

2 H₂O

Forming aromatic amine ( Image)

Amide structure ( Image)

CON bond

Amide structures ( Image)

How to name primary amides

look at alkyl group then add amide

Name this structure

Benzamide

How to name secondary amines

Add N then Group attached to carbonyl = Stem + amide

R Group directly attached to N → Prefix

How to name tertiary amides

N,N then R group attached to N → prefix ( alphabetical order)

R attached to carbonyl = stem + amide

Primary to secondary amine mechanism

what are the ways to make a Amine

Haloalkane → Nitrile → Amine

Haloalkane + Excess NH₃ dissolved in ethanol

Acyl chloride + NH₃

Advantages of Nitrile to amine

makes only 1 product ( amine)

don’t have to purify mixture of products

How to form amine from Haloalkane ( Nitrile method)

React with KCN ( dissolved in ethanol) to form a nitrile ( 1 more carbon)

react nitrile with 2H₂ → Amine

Conditions for nitrile to amine

React with 2H₂

Nickel catalyst

ways to make a amide

Acyl chloride / acid anhydride + amine → secondary amide

what are optical isomers

Form non- imposable mirror images

Reagants and conditions for Nitrile to carboxylic acid

H₂O / HCl

Number of structural isomers ( Image)