BIO CELL REPRODUCTION

Surface Area to Volume Ratio

factor influencing cell size, where smaller cells have a higher ratio, allowing for better efficiency.

Chromatin

sequence of nucleosomes supercoiled into a whirlpool

Chromosomes

Condensed structures of DNA that are visible during cell division.

Nucleosomes

DNA wrapped twice around histones

Histones

8 proteins organized in a structure

Cell Cycle phases

Interphase and M phase

Mitosis

the nucleus divides —> two daughter cells.

Interphase

the cell grows, duplicates its DNA, and prepares for division.

Gap 1 (G1) Phase

the cell grows and prepares to replicate its DNA.

Synthesis (S) Phase

copying DNA

Gap 2 (G2) Phase

synthesizes necessary components for cell division.

Prophase

chromatin condenses into chromosomes and spindle apparatus begins forming.

Metaphase

sister chromatids align at the cell's equator.

Anaphase

sister chromatids are pulled apart towards the cell poles.

Telophase

chromosomes arrive at poles and new nuclear envelopes begin to form.

Cytokinesis

cytoplasm divides —> two cells with identical nuclei.

Differentiated Cells

Mature cells that exited the cell cycle.

Cyclins

Proteins that regulate the timing of the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells.

Cyclin-Dependent Kinases (CDKs)

Enzymes that drive the cell cycle's progression when activated by cyclins

Quality Control Checkpoints

Stages in the cell cycle that monitor and can halt progression to prevent mistakes.

G1 Checkpoint

Monitors DNA damage

S Phase Checkpoint

Checks for quality during DNA replication, ensuring no mutations occur.

G2 Checkpoint

Assesses readiness of the cell for mitosis.

Spindle Checkpoints

Detect issues with spindle microtubules during mitosis

Cell Plate

makes cell walls

Microtubules

make up the spindle apparatus

Centromere

where sister chromatids are joined.

Sister Chromatids

Identical copies of a chromosome

Chromatin Fibers

Structures formed by nucleosomes grouped together

Phosphate Groups (in DNA)

Negatively charged groups that binds DNA to histone.