NMAT CHEM

1 calorie

4.184 joules

No of elements

112

Most abundant element in the earth's crust

oxygen

Dalton's Atomic Theory

\>all matter is made up of tiny, indivisible atoms
\>all atoms of an element are identical but different from another element
\>atoms combine in a certain whole-number proportions ; form compounds
\>in a chemical reaction, atoms are rearranged to form new compounds; not created nor destroyed

3 Laws of Matter

\>Law of conservation of mass
\>Law of definite proportions
H2O will always be 16/2 or 8/1 kahit sa ref or kanal pa yan galing
\>Law of multiple proportions

Democritus

matter consists of invisible particles called atoms and a void (empty space). He stated that atoms are indestructible and unchangeable.

Dalton's model

the atom is the smallest fundamental particle of an element

Thomson's model

\>electrons
\>plum-pudding model

Rutherford's Model

\>atom has a positively-charged nucleus
\>gold-foil experiment (nagbombard ng alpha particles tapos biglang may nagbounce back)

Bohr's Model

\> planetary model, and energy levels that are quantized

Goldstein model

\>protons
\>cathode-ray tube

JJ Thomson model

\>nature of protons and mass

Faraday and Davy Model

electrical nature of matter;ions

Chadwick model

\>neutron

Equation to get max no of electrons per energy level

2n^2

Afbau Principle

Orbitals with lowest energy level are filled first

Hund's rule

Each orbital receives one electron before pairing with another

Pauli's Exclusion Principle

No two electrons can have the same set of quantum numbers

Quantum numbers

\>Principal: distance of orbital from nucleus
\>Azimuthal: shape of orbital
\>Magnetic: spatial orientation
\>Spin: direction of electron spin- 1/2 up; -1/2 down

Isoelectronic

atoms or ions with the same no of electrons

Representative elements

s p blocks

Transition elements

d block

Inner transitional elements

f block

Family/Group

columns

Period/Series

rows

Metalloids

Boring Silly Germs Are Ants Telling Politics

Boron ; Silicon ; Germanium ; Arsenic ; Antimony ; Tellurium ; Polonium

Group 1A: Alkali Earth Metals

H Li Na K Rb Cs Fr

Group 2A: Alkaline Earth Metals

Be Mg Ca Sr Ba Ra

Group 3A: Earth metals

B Al Ga In Tl

Group 4A: Tetrels

C Si Ge Sn Pb

Group 5A: Pnictogens

Nicole, Please Ask Sbarro, Bitch

Group 6A: Chalcogens

O S Se Te Po

Group 7: Halogens

Fck Chlorine Br I At

Group 8: Noble gases

He Ne Ar Kr Xe Rn

How to get formal charge

Valence electrons-Nonbonding valence electrons- Bonding electrons/2

https://i.ytimg.com/vi/BTEycFw2EkU/maxresdefault.jpg

Exceptions to the Octet Rule

H: 1
He, Li, Be: 2
Al, B: 6

Molecular Geometries and Hybridization

\> (2) Linear [sp]
\> (3)Trigonal Planar; Bent [sp2]
\> (4)Tetrahedral;Trigonal Pyramidal [sp3]
\> (5)Trigonal Bipyramidal;Seesaw or Distorted Tetrahedron [sp3d]
\> (6)Octahedral; Square Pyramidal; Square Planar [sp3d2]

Types of Intermolecular Forces

Dipole-Dipole
Ion-dipole
London Dispersion
Hydrogen Bond

Dipole-Dipole forces

forces between polar molecules

Ion-Dipole Forces

ion and polar molecule

London Dispersion Forces

forces between nonpolar molecules

Hydrogen Bond

Dipole-dipole interaction of hydrogen and F, O, N

Surface Tension

amount of energy required to increase the surface area of a liquid

Cohesion

The intermolecular attraction between like molecules
ex: water-water

Adhesion

The force of attraction between unlike molecules, or the attraction between the surfaces of contacting bodies.
ex: water-container

Viscosity

A liquid's resistance to flowing

Copper (Cu)

(I) and (II)

Gold (Au)

(I) and (III)

Cadmium (Cd)(I) and (II)

(I) and (II)

Lead (Pb)

(II) and (IV)

Antimony (Sb

(III) and (V)

Bismuth (Bi)

(III) and (V)

Mercury (Hg)

(I) and (II)

Iron (Fe)

(II) and (III)

Chromium (Cr)

(II) and (III)

Manganese (Mn)

(II), (III), and (IV)

Cobalt (Co)

(II) and (III)

Nickel (Ni)

(II) and (III)

Tin (Sn)

(II) and (IV)

Ammonium

NH⁴⁺

Sulfate

SO₄²⁻

Sulfite

HSO₄⁻

Nitrate

NO₃⁻

Nitrite

NO₂⁻

Phosphate

PO₄³⁻

Hydrogen Phosphate

HPO₄²⁻

Dihydrogen Phosphate

H₂PO₄⁻

Phosphite

PO₃³⁻

Hydroxide

OH⁻

Peroxide

O₂²⁻

Acetate

C₂H₃O₂⁻

Perchlorate

ClO₄⁻

Chlorate

ClO₃⁻

Chlorite

ClO₂⁻

Hypochlorite

ClO⁻

Chromate

CrO₄²⁻

Dichromate

Cr₂O₇²⁻

Permanganate

MnO₄⁻

Cyanide

CN⁻

Cyanate

CNO⁻

Thiocyanate

SCN⁻

Carbonate

CO₃²⁻

Hydrogen Carbonate

HCO³⁻

Oxalate

C₂O₄²⁻

Thiosulfate

S₂O₃²⁻

Mercury (I)

Hg₂²⁺

Hydronium

H₃O⁺

Ammonia

NH₃

Group IA Oxidation No.

+1

Group IIA Oxidation No

+2

Group IIIA Oxidation No

+3

Group IVA

+4/-4

Group VA Oxidation No

-3

Group VIA Oxidation No

-2

Group VIIA Oxidation No

-1

Noble Gases Oxidation No

0

Avogadro's No

6.022 x 10²³ particles

Activity Series

Please Stop Calling Ma A Carbon Zebra, I TIN Like Her Cute Silly Goat

Potassium Sodium Calcium Magnesium Aluminum Carbon Zinc Iron Tin Lead Hydrogen Copper Silver Gold

Gases conversion

1 atm\=760 mmHg\=101.3 kPA

Boyle's Law

PV