1 calorie
4.184 joules
No of elements
112
Most abundant element in the earth's crust
oxygen
Dalton's Atomic Theory
>all matter is made up of tiny, indivisible atoms >all atoms of an element are identical but different from another element >atoms combine in a certain whole-number proportions ; form compounds >in a chemical reaction, atoms are rearranged to form new compounds; not created nor destroyed
3 Laws of Matter
>Law of conservation of mass >Law of definite proportions H2O will always be 16/2 or 8/1 kahit sa ref or kanal pa yan galing >Law of multiple proportions
Democritus
matter consists of invisible particles called atoms and a void (empty space). He stated that atoms are indestructible and unchangeable.
Dalton's model
the atom is the smallest fundamental particle of an element
Thomson's model
>electrons >plum-pudding model
Rutherford's Model
>atom has a positively-charged nucleus >gold-foil experiment (nagbombard ng alpha particles tapos biglang may nagbounce back)
Bohr's Model
> planetary model, and energy levels that are quantized
Goldstein model
>protons >cathode-ray tube
JJ Thomson model
>nature of protons and mass
Faraday and Davy Model
electrical nature of matter;ions
Chadwick model
>neutron
Equation to get max no of electrons per energy level
2n^2
Afbau Principle
Orbitals with lowest energy level are filled first
Hund's rule
Each orbital receives one electron before pairing with another
Pauli's Exclusion Principle
No two electrons can have the same set of quantum numbers
Quantum numbers
>Principal: distance of orbital from nucleus >Azimuthal: shape of orbital >Magnetic: spatial orientation >Spin: direction of electron spin- 1/2 up; -1/2 down
Isoelectronic
atoms or ions with the same no of electrons
Representative elements
s p blocks
Transition elements
d block
Inner transitional elements
f block
Family/Group
columns
Period/Series
rows
Metalloids
Boring Silly Germs Are Ants Telling Politics
Boron ; Silicon ; Germanium ; Arsenic ; Antimony ; Tellurium ; Polonium
Group 1A: Alkali Earth Metals
H Li Na K Rb Cs Fr
Group 2A: Alkaline Earth Metals
Be Mg Ca Sr Ba Ra
Group 3A: Earth metals
B Al Ga In Tl
Group 4A: Tetrels
C Si Ge Sn Pb
Group 5A: Pnictogens
Nicole, Please Ask Sbarro, Bitch
Group 6A: Chalcogens
O S Se Te Po
Group 7: Halogens
Fck Chlorine Br I At
Group 8: Noble gases
He Ne Ar Kr Xe Rn
How to get formal charge
Valence electrons-Nonbonding valence electrons- Bonding electrons/2
https://i.ytimg.com/vi/BTEycFw2EkU/maxresdefault.jpg
Exceptions to the Octet Rule
H: 1 He, Li, Be: 2 Al, B: 6
Molecular Geometries and Hybridization
> (2) Linear [sp] > (3)Trigonal Planar; Bent [sp2] > (4)Tetrahedral;Trigonal Pyramidal [sp3] > (5)Trigonal Bipyramidal;Seesaw or Distorted Tetrahedron [sp3d] > (6)Octahedral; Square Pyramidal; Square Planar [sp3d2]
Types of Intermolecular Forces
Dipole-Dipole Ion-dipole London Dispersion Hydrogen Bond
Dipole-Dipole forces
forces between polar molecules
Ion-Dipole Forces
ion and polar molecule
London Dispersion Forces
forces between nonpolar molecules
Hydrogen Bond
Dipole-dipole interaction of hydrogen and F, O, N
Surface Tension
amount of energy required to increase the surface area of a liquid
Cohesion
The intermolecular attraction between like molecules ex: water-water
Adhesion
The force of attraction between unlike molecules, or the attraction between the surfaces of contacting bodies. ex: water-container
Viscosity
A liquid's resistance to flowing
Copper (Cu)
(I) and (II)
Gold (Au)
(I) and (III)
Cadmium (Cd)(I) and (II)
(I) and (II)
Lead (Pb)
(II) and (IV)
Antimony (Sb
(III) and (V)
Bismuth (Bi)
(III) and (V)
Mercury (Hg)
(I) and (II)
Iron (Fe)
(II) and (III)
Chromium (Cr)
(II) and (III)
Manganese (Mn)
(II), (III), and (IV)
Cobalt (Co)
(II) and (III)
Nickel (Ni)
(II) and (III)
Tin (Sn)
(II) and (IV)
Ammonium
NH⁴⁺
Sulfate
SO₄²⁻
Sulfite
HSO₄⁻
Nitrate
NO₃⁻
Nitrite
NO₂⁻
Phosphate
PO₄³⁻
Hydrogen Phosphate
HPO₄²⁻
Dihydrogen Phosphate
H₂PO₄⁻
Phosphite
PO₃³⁻
Hydroxide
OH⁻
Peroxide
O₂²⁻
Acetate
C₂H₃O₂⁻
Perchlorate
ClO₄⁻
Chlorate
ClO₃⁻
Chlorite
ClO₂⁻
Hypochlorite
ClO⁻
Chromate
CrO₄²⁻
Dichromate
Cr₂O₇²⁻
Permanganate
MnO₄⁻
Cyanide
CN⁻
Cyanate
CNO⁻
Thiocyanate
SCN⁻
Carbonate
CO₃²⁻
Hydrogen Carbonate
HCO³⁻
Oxalate
C₂O₄²⁻
Thiosulfate
S₂O₃²⁻
Mercury (I)
Hg₂²⁺
Hydronium
H₃O⁺
Ammonia
NH₃
Group IA Oxidation No.
+1
Group IIA Oxidation No
+2
Group IIIA Oxidation No
+3
Group IVA
+4/-4
Group VA Oxidation No
-3
Group VIA Oxidation No
-2
Group VIIA Oxidation No
-1
Noble Gases Oxidation No
0
Avogadro's No
6.022 x 10²³ particles
Activity Series
Please Stop Calling Ma A Carbon Zebra, I TIN Like Her Cute Silly Goat
Potassium Sodium Calcium Magnesium Aluminum Carbon Zinc Iron Tin Lead Hydrogen Copper Silver Gold
Gases conversion
1 atm=760 mmHg=101.3 kPA
Boyle's Law
PV