Infant and Child Development Exam 2 Ingate

Schemes

organized ways of making sense of/ responding to experience

Adaptation

building schemes through direct interaction with with the environment

Assimilation

using current schemes to interpret / interact with the external world

Equilibrium and Disequilibrium

alternating periods of mostly assimilation, followed by a need for accommodation

Accommodation

creating new schemes or adjusting old ones to respond more effectively to new challenges/stimuli/situations

Organization

linking schemes with others to create a strongly interconnected cognitive system

Sensorimotor stage is how long?

first two years of life

What happens in the Sensorimotor stage?

Infants and toddlers "think" with their sensory and motor equipment

What happens in the Sensorimotor stage pt 2

Infants reflexes are transformed by learning

What happens in the Sensorimotor stage pt 3.

infant receives kinesthetic, somatosensory and other sensory feedback from it's reflex responses

What did Piaget believe about the Sensorimotor stage?

believed the very young infant had no capability of mental representation of its experience

What is the first sub-stage of the sensorimotor development?

-reflexive schemes (birth- 1 month

what type of sub-stages are 2-4

circular reactions

what are circular reactions?

repeating chance behaviors

What is sub-stage #2

Primary circular reaction: (1-4 months)

What are primary circular reactions?

simple motor habits centered around the infant's own body

What is the second sub-stage?

sensory circular reactions(4-8 months)

What are secondary circular reactions?

imitation of familiar behaviors and interesting effects; no understanding of object permanence

What is the third sub-stage?

coordination of secondary circular reactions (8-12 months)

What is coordination of secondary circular reactions?

intentional, or goal-directed, behaviors. A- not B- error.

What is an A-Not-B- error?

an incomplete or absent schema of object permanence

What is the fifth sub-stage?

Tertiary circular reactions (12-18 months)

What are tertiary circular reactions?

exploring objects by acting on them in novel ways

What is the sixth sub-stage?

mental representation (18 months-2 years)

What happens during the sixth sub-stage?

internal depictions of objects or events

What started in the 1970's?

Many researchers challenged Piaget's theory

What is the Violation-of-Expectation method?

Assesses infants' knowledge of physical reality based on their attention to expected or unexpected events

What is the Violation-of-Expectation method? pt 2

habituate them to one event, test with two versions of the event

What is the Violation-of-Expectation method? pt 3

Some researchers believe it indicates only limited, implicit awareness of physical events

Object permanence?

Renèe Baillargeon's studies found evidence that it is present in the first few months of life

Tool use in problem solving emerges _______

gradually

How old are infants requiring physical links between tool and object?

12 months

How old are infants that can engage in tool use even when an unfamiliar tool and an object they want are spatially separated?

18 months

What does planning problem solving behavior require?

working memory and executive functions

What is the ability to understand and produce words?

symbolic understanding

what theories posit experience expectant specialized learning modules?

Core-knowledge

What do information processing approaches to cognitive development focus on?

memory and attention

What is adult memory frequently characterized in terms of?

explicit or declarative memory (semantic and episodic), implicit or procedural memory, working memory

Basic memory processes are

encoding, retention, and retrieval

What are the types of memory storage

long-term memory and transient memory

what are the types of transient memory?

sensory storage and short-term memory

Changes in the efficiency of basic processes depend on interaction of

maturation of the brain AND experience

What types of experiences are involved in changes in the efficiency of basic processes?

ordinary social experience, movement experience, exploratory and play experience

Which researchers studied age related changes in basic processes?

Rovee-Collier at Rutgers, Newcombe at Temple

Encoding is less efficient in...

younger infants/ toddlers

Retention times are longer as

infants and toddlers mature

retrieval times are shorter as

infants and toddlers mature

Interaction with others facilitates...

learning

What actions may be helpful in facilitating learning

parents slowly describing what they are doing, in routine infant care; describing interesting objects and events even though these may be beyond the baby's capacity to understand

Imitation of a live action is more than imitation of an action in video

video deficit effect

Why does the video deficit effect occur?

video lacks social cues that support everyday learning- apace that is adapted to toddler's attention

American academy of pediatrics recommends limiting screen media exposure before what age

age 5

What type of video does not need to be limited?

video calls

Executive function

infants gradually improve in attentional control and the speed at which they take in information

What happens as the prefrontal cortex improves in its executive role? pt 1

toddlers become increasingly capable of intentional behavior

What happens as the prefrontal cortex improves in its executive role? pt 2

attention to novelty declines

What happens as the prefrontal cortex improves in its executive role? pt 3

sustained attention improves

What can adults do to promote sustained attention?

joint attention

How can you use joint attention? part 1

encouraging babies' current interest

how can you use joint attention? part 2

prompting the child to stay focused, elaborating on details

Infantile amnesia

inability to recall events before age 2.5 to 3

What are possible explanations for infantile amnesia

Repression, immaturity of the hippocampus, and insufficient vocabulary to verbally encode events

Autobiographical memory:

ability to recall many personally meaningful one-time events from both the recent and the distant pass

At what age do children increasingly use language based cues to retrieve these events in their autobiographical memory

age 3

Infantile amnesia and the neurological transitions in memory systems?

The hippocampus and pre-frontal lobes are not mature yet, but repeated events are remembered

Neonates learn to

recognize faces, learn conditioned responses, and learn operant responses

General systems consolidation

events encoded in cortical areas repeatedly activated together or in sequence

The influence of language on memory development

The growth of language ability in the young child provides the structure and narrative schemas necessary to support episodic memories

Simcock & Hayne "magic shrinking machine" study

Verbal recall depended on earlier vocabulary

Simcock & Hayne "magic shrinking machine" study: follow up

Same finding for verbal recall, but many children had accurate visual recognition and procedural recall

Phase 1 of concept formation in infancy

familiarization to the point of habituation

Phase 2 of concept formation in infancy

preference test with an instance of a new category and new instance of familiar category

Phase 3 of concept formation in infancy

overall shape

Individual variability is evident when

in infancy

Parental behavior and environmental differences contribute to what

variability

Vygotsky's sociocultural theory:

social and cultural contexts affect the structures of children's cognitive worlds

Vygotsky's sociocultural theory: pt 2

through joint activities with more mature members of society, children learn to think and act in ways important to their culture

Zone of proximal development

range of tasks that a child cannot yet handle alone but can do with the help of more skilled partners

Scaffolding

support in tasks in their zone of proximal development

Cultural variations in social experiences affect

mental strategies

Learning to communicate pt 1

Attending to speech and gesture

Learning to communicate pt 2

Beginning to voluntarily produce sound

cooing

open vowel sounds... ooo, eee, aah (6 weeks to 2 months)

babbling

ababa, babab, dadad, mammama (6 months)

Learning to communicate pt 3

recognizing words, own name, baby, Momma, Daddy, bottle, nurse (4 months)

Learning to communicate pt 4

producing first word approximations (1 year)

Learning to communicate pt 5

over extension

what is over extension

using the words you have (even if they don't apply)

Learning to communicate pt 6

over-regularization of rules

Emotional self-regulation pt 1

infant feelings can become too intense- parents' job is to regulate the environment to reduce stimulation and soothe the baby

Emotional self-regulation pt 2

Self-soothing may emerge at around 3 months as baby shift attention away from an unpleasant or too stimulating event

what are two ways babies can shift their attention for self-soothing?

-look away, suck thumb

-older infant may have a comfort object

Emotional self-regulation pt 3

Parental sensitive response promotes earlier and more effective development of self-regulation

What is temperament?

characteristic ways of reacting

What is Rothbart's first dimension of temperament?

Activity level

What is Rothbart's second dimension of temperament?

Attention span/ persistence

What is Rothbart's third dimension of temperament?

fearful distress

What is Rothbart's fourth dimension of temperament?

irritable distress

What is Rothbart's fifth dimension of temperament?

positive affect

What is Rothbart's sixth dimension of temperament?

effortful control