ANAPHY - CELLS AND TISSUES (+ INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM)

0.0(0)
studied byStudied by 0 people
GameKnowt Play
learnLearn
examPractice Test
spaced repetitionSpaced Repetition
heart puzzleMatch
flashcardsFlashcards
Card Sorting

1/91

encourage image

There's no tags or description

Looks like no tags are added yet.

Study Analytics
Name
Mastery
Learn
Test
Matching
Spaced

No study sessions yet.

92 Terms

1
New cards

cells

structural units of all living things

2
New cards

cells

basic structural unit of living organisms

3
New cards

collective activities of its cells

the activity of an organism depends on the _____

4
New cards

principle of complementary

what principle states that the activities of the cell are dictated by their structure

5
New cards

structure (anatomy)

the activities of cells are dictated by their _______

6
New cards

every disease

the loss of cell homeostasis underlies _________

7
New cards

60 percent water

living cells are about0 ______ percent water

8
New cards

generalized cell

demonstrates the typical features of the cell

9
New cards

plasma membrane, nucleus, and the cytoplasm

main regions of the cell

10
New cards

nucleus

is the control center of the cell

11
New cards

DNA

the genetic material

12
New cards

self-destruct

a cell that has lost of ejected its nucleus is destined to ___________

13
New cards

nuclear envelope or membrane

double membrane barrier of the nucleus

14
New cards

more freelly

substances may pass through the nuclear envelope much __________ than elswhere because of its relatively larger pores

15
New cards

nucleoplasm

the nuclear membrane encloses a jellylike fluid called

16
New cards

nucleolus, nucleoli

_____ contains one or more small, dark-staining, essentially round bodies called _____

17
New cards

ribosomes

nucleoli are sites where cell structures called ____________ are assembled

18
New cards

chromatin

a loose network of “beads on a string’ (DNA) around proteins called “histones”

19
New cards

chromosomes

in cell division, chromatin forms dense, rodlike bodies called _________ as the chromatin threads coil

20
New cards

plasma membrane

transparent barrier that contains cell contents and separates them from the surrounding environment

21
New cards

fluid mosaic model

showcases the two phospholibid bylayer or the plasma membrane

22
New cards

glycolipids

what do you call the phospolipids with sugar group attached to them

23
New cards

phospholipid molecule heads

they lie on both the inner and outer surfaces of the cell as water is prominent or a main component of both intracellular and extracellular fluids

24
New cards

nonpolar fatty acid tails

these avoid water and line up in the center of the membrane

25
New cards

water soluble

the hydrophobic makeup of the membrane interior makes the plasma membrane relatively impermeable to most ________

26
New cards

cholesterol

helps stabilize the plasma membrane and keep it flexible

27
New cards

proteins

responsible for the most specialized functions of the membrane

28
New cards

enzymes

some proteins are enzymes

29
New cards

proteins protruding from the surface of the cell

______ are receptors for hormones or other

chemical messengers or are binding sites for

anchoring the cell to fibers or to other structures inside or outside the cell

30
New cards

transport

Most proteins that span

the membrane are involved in

31
New cards

channels (tiny pores)

some cluster together to form protein ______ through which water and small

water-soluble molecules or ions can move

32
New cards

carriers

other proteins act as ________ that bind to a substance and move it through the membrane.

33
New cards

glycoproteins, glycocalyx

because of their presence,

the cell surface is a fuzzy, sticky, sugar-rich area called ______

34
New cards

glycoproteins

determine your blood type, acting as receptors that certain bacteriam viruses, or toxins can bind to, and play a role in cell-to-cell recognition and interactions

35
New cards

epithelial cells

Although certain cell types—blood cells, sperm cells, and some phagocytic cells (which ingest bacteria and foreign debris)—are “footloose” in the body, many other types, particularly ______, are knit into tight communities.

36
New cards

glycoproteins

act as an adhesive or cellular glue

37
New cards

wavy contours

___________ of the membranes of adjacent cells fit together in a tongue and groove fashion

38
New cards

tight junctions

impermeable junctions that encircle the cells and bind them together into leakproof sheets

39
New cards

tight junction

In ______, adjacent

plasma membranes fuse together tightly

like a zipper and prevent substances from

passing through the extracellular space betweencells

40
New cards

tigh junctions

inn the small intestine, for example,

these junctions prevent digestive enzymes from seeping into the bloodstream.

41
New cards

desmosomes

anchoring junctions scattered like rivets along the sides of adjacent cells

42
New cards

desmosomes

prevent cells subjected to mechanical streess (heart muscle cells and skin cells) from being pull apart

43
New cards

gap junctions or communicating junctions

these junctions allow communication and are commonly found between embryonic cells and in the heart

44
New cards

connexons, transmembrane proteins

In gap junctions, the neighboring cells are connected by hollow cylinders composed of

proteins (called _______) that span the

entire width of the abutting membranes

(which are therefore called _____).

45
New cards

cytoplasm

cellular material outside the nucleus

46
New cards

cytoplasm

site of most cellular activities

47
New cards

cytosol

semitransparent fluid that suspends other elements of the cell

48
New cards

inclusions

chemical substances tha tmay or may not be present depending on the specific cell, where stored nutrients and cell products float around (lipid droplets common in fat cells, glycogen granules abundant in liver and muscle cells, pigments such as melanin and hair cells, this is where items are kept on hand until needed

49
New cards

organelles

specialized cellular compartments that are the metabollic machinery of the cell

50
New cards

mitochondria

enzymes dissolve in fluid within the mitochondria, carry the reactions where ozygen are used to break down food an d in this process, some energy escapes and is used to make ATP molecules

51
New cards

ribosomes

site of protein synthesis

52
New cards

ribosomes that float freely in the cytoplassm

manufacture proteins that function inside the cell and produces proteins that functon outside the cell

53
New cards

endoplasmic reticulum

continuous with the nuclear membrane; It serves as a mini circulatory system for the cell because it provides a network of channels for carrying substances (primarily proteins) from

one part of the cell to another.

54
New cards

rough

ER that is studded with ribosomes

55
New cards

rough ER

membrane factory

56
New cards

proteins

The _____ made on its ribosomes

migrate into the rough ER tunnels, where they fold

into their functional three-dimensional shapes.

57
New cards

transport vesicles

the proteins made in th rough er then are dispatched to other aread of the cell in small sacs of membrane called ______

58
New cards

pancreas

rough er is abundant in cells that make and export proteins such as,

59
New cards

smooth er

because it lacks ribosome, it functions in lipid metabolism and detoxification of drugs and pesticides

60
New cards

liver, male testes that manufacture testosterone

smooth er are abundant in what cells

61
New cards

golgi apparatus

Its

major function is to modify, package, and ship

proteins (sent to it by the rough ER via transport

vesicles) in specific ways, depending on their final

destination

62
New cards

secretory vesicles

As proteins “tagged” for export accumulate in

the Golgi apparatus, the sacs swell. Then their

swollen ends, filled with protein, pinch off and

form ________ which travel

to the plasma membrane. When the vesicles reach

the plasma membrane, they fuse with it, the membrane

ruptures, and the contents of the sac are

ejected to the outside of the cell

63
New cards

lysosomes

Because lysosomal enzymes are capable

of digesting worn-out or nonusable cell structures

and most foreign substances that enter the cell,

________function as cellular “stomachs.”

64
New cards

white blood cells

lysosomes are abundant in ____

65
New cards

peroxisomes

are membranous sacs containing powerful oxidase

enzymes that use molecular oxygen

(O2) to detoxify a number of harmful or poisonous

substances, including alcohol and formaldehyde.

66
New cards

peroxisomes

their most important function is to

“disarm” dangerous free radicals. Free radicals

are highly reactive chemicals with unpaired electrons

that can damage the structure of proteins

and nucleic acids. Free radicals are normal byproducts

of cellular metabolism, but if allowed to

accumulate, they can have devastating effects on

cells

67
New cards

microfilaments

most involved in cell motility and in producing changes in cell shape

68
New cards

intermediate filaments

are strong stable and help desmosomes provide internal guy wires

69
New cards

microtubules

made up of repeating subunits of protein tubulin and determine the overall shape of the cell ; very important in cell division

70
New cards

centrioles

centrosome; generate microtubules and direct the formation of mitoic spindle curing cell division

71
New cards

cilia

whiplike cellular extensions that move substances along the cell surface

72
New cards

flagella

if the projections formed by the centrioles are longer, they are called

73
New cards

sperm cell

the only known flagellated cell

74
New cards

microvilli

They increase the cell’s surface

area tremendously and so are usually found on

the surface of cells active in absorption such as

intestinal and kidney tubule cells.

75
New cards

fibroblast

This cell has an elongated

shape, like the cable-like fibers that it secretes.

It has an abundant rough ER and a

large Golgi apparatus to make and secrete

the protein building blocks of these fibers.

76
New cards

erythrocyte

This cell carries

oxygen in the blood. Its biconcave disc

shape provides extra surface area for the

uptake of oxygen and streamlines the cell

so it flows easily through the bloodstream.

So much oxygen-carrying pigment is

packed in these that all other organelles

have been shed to make room.

77
New cards

fibroblast and erythrocytes

cells that connect body parts

78
New cards

epithelial ; cells that cover and line body organs

The hexagonal shape of this

cell is exactly like a “cell” in a honeycomb

of a beehive. This shape allows epithelial

cells to pack together in sheets. An epithelial

cell has abundant intermediate filaments

and desmosomes that resist tearing when

the epithelium is rubbed or pulled.

• Cells that move organs and body parts

79
New cards

cells that move organs and body parts :

Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle cells.

These cells are elongated and filled with

abundant contractile filaments, so they can

shorten forcefully and move the bones,

pump blood, or change the size of internal

organs to move substances around the body

80
New cards

fat cells; cells that store nutrients

The huge spherical shape of a fat

cell is produced by a large lipid droplet in

its cytoplasm.

81
New cards

white blood cells such as the macrophage; cells that fights diseases

This cell extends long pseudopods

(“false feet”) to crawl through tissue

to reach infection sites. The many lysosomes

within the cell digest the infectious microorganisms

(such as bacteria) that it “eats.”

82
New cards

nerve cell ; cells that gather information and controls body functio

This cell has long processes

(extensions) for receiving messages

and transmitting them to other structures

in the body. The processes are covered

with an extensive plasma membrane, and

a plentiful rough ER synthesizes membrane

components and signaling molecules called

________

83
New cards

oocyte ; egg cell

The largest cell in the

body, this egg cell contains several copies

of all organelles, for distribution to the daughter cells that arise when the fertilized egg divides to become embryo

84
New cards

sperm cell

This cell is long and streamlined,

built for swimming to the egg for

fertilization. Its flagellum acts as a motile

whip to propel the sperm.

85
New cards

diffusion

the process by which

molecules (and ions) move away from areas where

they are more concentrated (more numerous) to

areas where they are less concentrated (with fewer

of them).

86
New cards

simple diffusion

The unassisted diffusion of solutes through

the plasma membrane (or any selectively permeable

membrane) is called

87
New cards

osmosis

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable

membrane such as the plasma membrane is

specifically called

88
New cards

facilitated diffusion

provides

passage for certain needed substances (notably

glucose) that are both lipid-insoluble and too large

to pass through the membrane pores, or charged,

as in the case of chloride ions passing through a

membrane protein channel/protein carrier

89
New cards

filtration

is the process by which

water and solutes are forced through a membrane

(or capillary wall) by fluid, or hydrostatic, pressure.

In the body, hydrostatic pressure is usually

exerted by the blood. Like diffusion, _____ is a

passive process, and a gradient is involved. In f______,

however, the gradient is a pressure gradient

that actually pushes solute-containing fluid

from the higher-pressure area through

the filter to the lower-pressure area.

90
New cards

active ; solute pumping

Whenever a cell uses ATP to move substances

across the membrane, the process is

91
New cards

active transport

uses ATP to energize its

protein carriers, which are called solute pumps

92
New cards