Seedless Plants

Plants had many issues to overcome on land that include [what three major problems]

Plants had many issues to overcome on land that include water loss, protection from the harmful effects of the sun, and ability to effectively disseminate gametes for production

Fungi helped plants to colonize [land, sea, or mud]. Fungi helped to make nutrients available to [protists, plants, or animals]

Fungi helped plants to colonize land. Fungi helped to make nutrients available to plants

Chlorophytes

Never made it to land

Green algae is split into [5, 3, or 2] major clades. Together they are called [organophytes, streptophytes, or pinophytes]

Green algae is split into 2 major clades. Together they are called streptophytes

Charophytes

Sister clade to all land plants

Land plants: have [single-cellular or multicellular] haploid and diploid stages, trend [toward or against] more diploid embryo protection, and trend [toward or against] reduced haploid stage

Land plants: have multicellular haploid and diploid stages, trend toward more diploid embryo protection, and trend toward reduced haploid stage

Protection from drying out: [waxy, slick, or dried] cuticle and stomata. Dealing with UV radiation caused [natural selection or mutations]

Protection from drying out: waxy cuticle and stomata. Dealing with UV radiation caused mutations

Bryophytes

Limited in size because they lack vascular structure

Tracheophytes

Have specialized vascular tissue for transport over long distances through the body

Sporophyte: multicellular [haploid or diploid] stage. Produces [haploid or diploid] spores by meiosis. [Haploid or Diploid] spore mother cells undergo meiosis. Produce 4 [haploid or diploid] spores. First cells of the [sporophyte or gametophyte] generation

Sporophyte: multicellular diploid stage. Produces haploid spores by meiosis. Diploid spore mother cells undergo meiosis. Produce 4 haploid spores. First cells of the gametophyte generation

Gametophyte: multicellular [haploid or diploid] stage. Spores divide by [mitosis or meiosis]. Produces gametes by [mitosis or meiosis]. Gametes fuse to form [haploid or diploid] zygote. First cell of next [sporophyte or gametophyte] generation.

Gametophyte: multicellular haploid stage. Spores divide by mitosis. Produces gametes by mitosis. Gametes fuse to form diploid zygote. First cell of next sporophyte generation.

Humans and other animals have a [haplontic, diplontic, or haplodiplontic] life cycle, meaning only the diploid stage is multicellular. All plants are [haplontic, diplontic, or haplodiplontic].

Humans and other animals have a diplontic life cycle, meaning only the diploid stage is multicellular. All plants are haplodiplontic.

Moss: large [sporophyte or gametophyte]. Small, independent [sporophyte or gametophyte]

Moss: large gametophyte. Small, independent sporophyte

Angiosperm: large [sporophyte or gametophyte]. Small, independent [sporophyte or gametophyte]

Angiosperm: large sporophyte. Small, independent gametophyte

Liverworts: best-known are the lobed liverworts that have flattened [sporophytes or gametophytes]. Also undergo [sexual or asexual] reproduction

Liverworts: best-known are the lobed liverworts that have flattened gametophytes. Also undergo asexual reproduction

Mosses: [sporophytes or gametophytes] consist of small, leaflike structures around a stemlike axis.

Mosses: gametophytes consist of small, leaflike structures around a stemlike axis.

Bryophytes: approximately 16,000 species in [5, 3, or 2] distinct clades. [what are the three clades]. Gametophyte is the dominant generation, specialized in [photosynthesis, nutrient uptake, or dispersing spores]. Sporophytes grow from the surface of the gametophyte, specializing in [photosynthesis, nutrient uptake, or dispersing spores]. Require [nitrogen, carbon, or water] for sexual reproduction.

Bryophytes: approximately 16,000 species in 3 distinct clades. Liverworts, mosses, and hornworts. Gametophyte is the dominant generation, specialized in photosynthesis. Sporophytes grow from the surface of the gametophyte, specializing in dispersing spores. Require water for sexual reproduction.

Hornworts: [sporophyte or gametophyte] base is embedded in [sporophyte or gametophyte] tissue from which it derives some of its nutrition.

Hornworts: sporophyte base is embedded in gametophyte tissue from which it derives some of its nutrition.

Cooksonia

first known vascular land plant

Vascular tissues allows for distribution of nutrients. Develops in [sporophyte or gametophyte] but usually not [sporophyte or gametophyte]. Cuticle and stomata also found in all vascular plant [sporophyte or gametophyte]

Vascular tissues allows for distribution of nutrients. Develops in sporophyte but usually not gametophyte. Cuticle and stomata also found in all vascular plant gametophyte

Tracheophytes have [5, 3, or 2] clades. [name the three clades]. [Sporophyte or Gametophyte] has been reduced in size during the evolution of tracheophytes.

Tracheophytes have 3 clades. Lycophytes, pterophytes, and seed plants. Gametophyte has been reduced in size during the evolution of tracheophytes.

Early vascular plants reveal stems but no roots or leaves. Lack of roots limited the size of the these plants in two ways. [List the two ways]

Early vascular plants reveal stems but no roots or leaves. Lack of roots limited the size of the these plants in two ways. Roots anchor plants, and an extensive root system is needed to ensure a large plant's need for water is met.

True roots are found only in the [pinophytes, tracheophytes, or chlorophytes]. Only roots provide both transport and support. Lycophytes diverged from other tracheophytes [before or after] roots evolved.

True roots are found only in the tracheophytes. Only roots provide both transport and support. Lycophytes diverged from other tracheophytes before roots evolved.

Leaves increase surface area for photosynthesis. True leaves [euphylls or lycophylls] are found in ferns and seed plants

Leaves increase surface area for photosynthesis. True leaves euphylls are found in ferns and seed plants

Lycophytes are sister group to all other vascular plants. Leaves developed independently. [Sporophyte or Gametophyte] dominant. [Has or Lacks] seeds.

Lycophytes are sister group to all other vascular plants. Leaves developed independently. Sporophyte dominant. Lacks seeds.

Club Moss: resemble true mosses but have quite different vascular structure and reproductive processes. Small, free-living [sporophytes or gametophytes] that produce both sperm and eggs

Club Moss: resemble true mosses but have quite different vascular structure and reproductive processes. Small, free-living gametophytes that produce both sperm and eggs

Pterophytes: has [5, 3, or 2] clades. [Name the two clades]. All form antheridia and archegonia. All require [nitrogen, carbon, or water] for flagellated sperm

Pterophytes: has 2 clades. Ferns/Horsetails and Ferns/Whisk ferns. All form antheridia and archegonia. All require water for flagellated sperm

Whisk ferns: [Sporophytes or Gametophytes] consist of evenly forking green stems without true leaves or roots. Some [sporophytes or gametophytes] develop elements of vascular tissue (only one known to do so)

Whisk ferns: Sporophytes consist of evenly forking green stems without true leaves or roots. Some gametophytes develop elements of vascular tissue (only one known to do so)

Horsetails: [sporophyte or gametophyte] consists of ribbed, jointed photosynthetic stems that arise from branching rhizomes with roots are nodes

Horsetails: sporophyte consists of ribbed, jointed photosynthetic stems that arise from branching rhizomes with roots are nodes

Ferns: conspicuous [sporophyte or gametophyte] and much smaller [sporophyte or gametophyte] are both photosynthetic.

Ferns: conspicuous sporophyte and much smaller gametophyte are both photosynthetic.

Fern morphology

sporophytes have rhizomes. Fronds (leaves) develop at the tip of the rhizome as tightly rolled-up coils. They produce distinctive sporangia in clusters called sori on the back of fronds.

In ferns [sporophyte or gametophyte] is structurally more complex than moss- having vascular tissue and well differentiated roots, stems, and leaves. [Sporophyte or Gametophyte] lack vascular tissue.

In ferns sporophyte is structurally more complex than moss- having vascular tissue and well differentiated roots, stems, and leaves. Gametophytes lack vascular tissue.